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Livestock, Poultry and Fish Breeds Catalogue

Nilli Ravi
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
• Body coat color: Black with white markings on forehead face, muzzle, leg
• Eyes: usually walled
• Horns: small and coiled
• Tail: long almost reaching to the ground level
• Switch: white
Description:
  • Origin: Mantgomeri district of west Pakistan and ferozpore of Punjab
  • Males are commonly used for draft purpose
  • Average milk production :1600 liters per lactation
  • Fat content :4%
  • Average adult body weight: 450-550 kg
Jaffarabadi
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
• Heaviest buffalo breed
• Head: Heavy
• Eyes: bulging (swelling)
• Forehead: Broad
• Horns: Flat, thick drooping on each side of neck and loose curve
• Body: Broad longer and wedge shaped
• Body color: Black with white patches on faces and legs
• Udder: Well developed
• Tail: medium sized
Description:
  • Origin: Gir forest of kathiwar India
  • Average milk production:2360 liter per lactation period
  • Butter fat content: 9%
  • Average body weight: 450-600 kg
Murrah
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
• Head: Small and clean
• Horns: Short and tightly curved
• Body: Massive (heavy), broad back
• Hair: Scanty (not ample/small)
• Body coat color: Jet black
• Tail: Long with white switch reaching up to the fetlock
• Udder: Well developed with good sized teats
Description:
  • Origin: Punjab, Hariyana and territory of Delhi (India)
  • This breed is noted for milk production
  • Average milk production:1400-1800 liters per lactation
  • Fat content:7%
  • Average body weight: 450-550 kg
Siri
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body coat color: Generally black and red in color
Hair coat: Thick
Humped cattle
Description:
  • Found in eastern region of Nepal, especially in illam, suitable for hily regions
  • Famous cattle for drought, Bullocks are suitable for mountainous region for transport and ploughing
  • Milk yield under normal condition: 1.8 liters per day
Acchhami
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body coat color: Generally brown or white
Smallest cattle of the world, locally called Sanogae or naumuthe cow
Humped cattle
Description:
  • Located in western region (Achhami, Doti, Bajura and bajhang)
  • These cattle are draft type and used for working (transportation as well as ploughing)
  • 1st calved at the age of 42 months and yield 6.5 to 12.5 liters milk per day
  • Well  adopted in adverse condition and coarse/poor grazing condition
Lulu
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body coat color: Generally brown or white or black
These breed is located in mustang, few are seen in some part of manang and dolpa
Description:
  • Female are poor milkers and males are good for transport, ploughing and manure production
  • It is an alpine cattle raised from 3000-40000m from the sea level
  • Its temper varies from docile to semi wild
  • It can survive in adverse environmental condition and feeding condition
  • Milk production varies from 0.25 to 2.5 liter per day
  • This breed mature late at about 40 months ago
  • Calving interval is at least 1 years
Hariyana
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Head: small, flat forehead
Face: long narrow
Horns: small and horizontal which grow longer and curved upward and inward in bullocks
Barrel: Long and compact
Udder: Well developed with prominent teats
Legs: Sturdy and long with well shaped hoofs
Tail: Thin and short with black switch
Body coat color: White or grey or light grey
Description:
  • Origin: Found in India (Hariyana, Rohatak, Delhi, UP)
  • Fairly good milkers
  • Bullocks are powerful for transport and ploughing
  • Average milk production : 5-6 liters per day
  • Fat content : 4-4.5%
  • Average body weight- Male:540 kg, female:360 kg
Red Sindhi
Category:
Livestock
Description:
  • Origin: Karanchi and Hyderabad
  • Cows are good milkers, bullocks are poor in quality
  • Extremely docile
  • Milk Production: 5443 liters per lactation period
  • Fat content: 4-5% 
  • Average body weight-Male:450 kg, Female:295 kg
Sahiwal
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Head: long head with medium sized fore head
Horns: short and thick
Udder: Well developed
Teats: good sized
Legs: short
Body color: Generally red or light red in color but sometimes white patches are also found
Description:
  • Origin: Montogomeri district of Pakistan, also found in Punjab
  • Dairy breeds, cows are good milkers and bullocks are lethargic and slow
  • Average milk production:9-11 liters per day
  • Butter fat content:4-6 %
    • Average body weight-Male:450-550kg,Female:325-350kg
Ayreshire
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body coat color: Red with white markings or white with red markings
Horns: long turned upward
Neck: shorter and thicker
Description:
  • Origin: Scotland, UK
  • Most beautiful dairy breed of cattle
  • Over active and difficult to manage
  • Average milk production:4500 liters per lactation period of 305 days
  • Fat content: 4.0%
Brown Swiss
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Head: Large with dished
Skin: loose skin with light brown/fawn to almost black color
Tips of horn: Black
Muzzle: Black
Switch of the tail: Black
Description:
  • Origin: Switzerland
  • Multipurpose breed
  • Active and have a good grazing capacity
  • Quite docile and easy to handle
  • More heat tolerant
  • Average milk production is 5000 liters per lactation period of 305 days
  • Butter fat content 4.0%
  • Average body weight female:550 kg and male:750 kg
Jersey
Category:
Fishes
Distinguishing Characters:
Head: Dished (Double disc head)
Body coat color: Reddish fawn/ash brown color with or without white marking
Muzzle: Black and has light encircling ring
Wither: sharp
Switch of the tail: White or black
Description:
  • Origin: Island of Jersey, UK
  • Good milking breed with high % of butter fat content
  • Economical producer of milk in Nepalese condition especially in hilly region
  • Capable of utilizing roughages efficiently
  • Can withstand tropical and sub-tropical or humid climate more than Holstein Friesian
  • Heifer grow more rapidly and matured early
  • Average milk production is 4000 to 4500 liters per lactation period of 305 days
Holstein Friesian
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Size: Heavy
Head: Long narrow and straight
Wither: Slightly rounded
Body coat color: Black, White or black and white
Description:
  • Origin: Holland
  • Highest milk production in the world
  • Large feeding capacity and well developed udder
  • Males may be vicious but female are docile
  • Average milk production 6000-7000 liters per lactation period of 305 days
  • Fat butter content 3.4%
  • Average body weight female:575-650 kg and male:850-1000kg
Tamworth
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body color - Red, ginger, golden red to dark red
Head - Long and narrow
Face - straight
Snout - Long
Ears - Erect, prick
Back - Well arched
Body - Long, narrow
Description:
  • Noted bacon breed
  • Small litters
  • Body weight:- Male 245-265kg

                       Female 200kg

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Hampshire
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body color - Black with white belt encircling the body including the front legs and feet
Ears - Small, erect
Legs - short
Description:
  • Well known for meat
  • Body weight:- Male 300kg, Female 250kg
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Landrace
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body - Long
Body color - White with black skin spot
Ears - flat, drooping, floppy
Snout - Long
Description:
  • Good carcass quality and feed conversion ability
  • Excellent mothering ability
  • Body weight:- Male 310-400kg, Female 250-330kg
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Middle White Yorkshire
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body - Medium size
Body color - White
Head - Short
Face - Upward dished
Ears - Nearly erect but somewhat inclined forward
Description:
  • Good grazing breed, does well in open air system
  • Prolific breeder
  • Maturing early
  • Good mothering ability
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Large White Yorkshire
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body - Large, white and deep
Skin - Free from wrinkles
Ears - Thin, long and erect
Neck - Long and full to the shoulders
Chest - Deep and wide
Back - Long, level, fairly wide, slightly arched
Loins - Long
Legs - Straight and well set
Description:
  • Good milking and mothering ability
  • Good carcass quality
  • Very susceptible to sunburn especially at the base of ears
  • Body weight:- Male 300-450kg Female 250-350kg
Meishan
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body color - Black
Face - Very ugly
Stomach - Big
Back - deep
Legs - Short
Description:
  • Very high prolificacy
  • Litter size: 4-6
  • Body weight:- Male 450kg Female 350kg
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Poland China
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body - Large black with 6 white points
Head - Trim
Ears - Drooping
Hams - Thick
Description:
  • Found in Eastern Nepal
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Duroc
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body color - Solid red
Ears - drooping, floppy
Face - Slight dish
Legs - Strong
Description:
  • Excellent meat type
  • Sturdy boar especially for natural mating
  • Prolific, good longevity and good growth rate
  • Lean gain efficiency, carcass yield, muscle quality
  • Body weight:- Male 300kg Female 250kg
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Dharane Kalo Bangur
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body - long
Ears - Large and dropping upward
Description:
  • Found in Eastern terai and mid hills
  • Highly prolific
  • Reared under semi-intensive system
  • Resistant to diseases
  • Litter size:- 8-10
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Pygmi Bandel
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body color - Blackish brown
Bristles - over skin
Description:
  • Seasonal reproduction
  • Females are slightly smaller than males
  • Males are 65cm long, 8.5kg
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Junglee Bandel
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body color - Brown, black with thick hair
Description:
  • Gestation period: 115 days
  • Litter size: 4-6
  • Height: 90-95cm
  • Body weight:- Male 200kg Female250kg
Pakhribas Black
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body color - completely black
Ears - erect
Legs - Short
Description:
  • Developed at Pakhribas, Dhankuta through 3 way crossing between Saddleback, Fayun and Tamworth
  • Found in Eastern hilly region
  • Age of first farrowing: 368 days
  • Farrowing interval: 178 days
  • Litter size: 9-10
  • Body weight:- Male 250kg Female 175kg
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Bampudke (dwarf pig)
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body color - rusty brown to black
Bristle - Moderately tough
Head - Long, slender and conical
Snout - thin
Ears - Erect
Neck - Long and poorly muscled
Shoulder - Narrow
Belly - Deep but not pendulous
Profile - Straight; short narrow and drooping rump
Tail - Long
Description:
  • Smallest breed of pig
  • Domesticated breed of Junglee Bandel
  • Found in wild habita, in and around Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve
  • Age of first farrowing: 300 days
  • Farrowing interval: 170-189 days
  • Litter size: 2-6
  • Body weight:- Male 20kg Female 25kg
Hurrah
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body color - Grayish black, rust brown, black, patches of white
Barrel - Drooping
Bristle - From front of the head to backline of loins
Head - Moderate length
Nasal section - Straight
Ears - Short
Neck - Short and deep
Profile - Slightly concave, narrow back, loin and farirly long and slightly sloping rump
Tail - long up to level of hocks
Description:
  • Largest indigenous breed of Nepal
  • Found in central and western terai, reared under scavenging conditions
  • Females are larger than males
  • Age of first farrowing: 226 days
  • Farrowing interval: 196 days
  • Litter size: 2-6
  • Body weight:- Male 50kg Female 58kg
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Chwanche/Nepalese dwarf
Category:
Livestock
Distinguishing Characters:
Body color - plain and completely black
Barrel - drooping
Bristle - dense, form a mane at the back of head, neck and shoulders
Head - Long, slender and conical
Ears - Short, prick
Snout - thin
Tusk - absent
Neck - long
Shoulder - Narrow
Belly - Slightly sagging
Profile - straight, razor back
Tail - Long and straight with thin tuft of hair
Description:
  • Second largest indigenous breed of pig in Nepal
  • Females are larger than males
  • Found in hilly region, reared under scavenging, semi-intensive and intensive system
  • Hardy and resistant to many diseases

Age of first farrowing:- 283 days

Farrowing interval:- 192 days

Litter size:- 7-8

Gestation period:- 115 days

Body weight:- Male 23kg

                         Female 35kg

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Pangas
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Pangasius hypophthalmus
Family:
Pangasiidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Body is elongated and laterally compressed, without any scale.
 Head relatively small.
Head and abdomen are flat
Head is slightly granulated above
Snout is fairly prominent.
Mouth is sub-terminal; upper jaw is longer than the lower jaw
Mouth broad with small sharp teeth on jaw, vomerine and palatal bones.
Two pairs of barbels, upper shorter than the lower
Cleft of mouth is used to reach opposite the centre of front edge of the eye.
Eyes are in the anterior half of the head, partly on the lower surface of head.
Eyes relatively large
Six branched dorsal-fin rays.
First dorsal fin is with a moderately strong spine which is strongly serrated on its inner edge but finely serrated on its outer edge.
Adipose dorsal fin is short
Pectoral fin spine is serrated, strong and as long as dorsal spine.
Anal fin is large and well developed.
pairsCaudal fin is deeply forked; upper lobe is slightly the longer.
Caudal fin is bright yellow
Young fish have black stripe along lateral line and another long black stripe below lateral line.
Adults uniformly grey but sometimes with greenish tint and sides silvery.
Fins dark grey or black.
Large Dark stripe on middle of anal fin and dark stripe in each caudal lobe.

Description:
  •  Bottom feeder
  • Carnivorous in habit; mainly prefer molluscs, fishes, insects, crustaceans etc.
  • Attain maturity at about 54 cm size at the end of the third year age 
  • Spawning takes place in May - June at the start of the monsoon season.
  • Seasonal spawner
  • Very hardy fish in nature
  • Can withstand long ranged temperature and salinity and high turbidity.
  • It can also thrive well in low dissolved oxygen condition
  • Mature fish can reach a maximum standard total length of 130 cm and up to 44 kg in weight.
  • Typically living within the ranges of pH 6.5-7.5 and 22-26 °C
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Golden Mahaseer/Sahar
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Tor putitora
Family:
Cyprinidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Body elongated and somewhat compressed.
Mouth small and upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw.
Mouth devoid of any jaws.
Lips thick and fleshy.
Barbels two pairs.
Last unbranched ray of dorsal fin is comparatively strong and smooth.
Pelvic fin contains scaly appendage.
Caudal fin deeply forked.
Body color on sides is greenish silvery and belly silvery to white.
Scale golden with dark base and formed of minute dark spots.
Anal, pelvic and pectoral reddish yellow in color.

Description:
  • Size: 2.74m (max length)
  • length that can reach up to 1.8m and weigh over 54kg
  • Golden Mahseer is considered as an endangered species and falls under the  IUCN Red List
  • Popular game fish
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Rainbow trout
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Family:
Salmonidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Body laterally compressed with adipose fin proximate to caudal peduncle.
Body fusiform and oval in cross section.
Dark olive or green on the back, silver, bronze or olive on the sides, and cream below.
Dorsal and tail fins tan, olive, or gray.
Scales silvery to yellow-green on top of back with red-pink band along lateral line.
Dark brown to black spots on head, body, dorsal fin and tail.
Dorsal rays soft.
Mouth and snout: Terminal, large and slightly oblique
Numerous small to medium-sized teeth on the upper and lower jaws.
No barbels.
Lining of mouth cavity white.
Basibranchial teeth absent.
Nearly square tail with slight fork.
Adipose fin spotted but not edged in red or orange.

Description:

It is a cold freshwater species

Insects remain their dominant food source throughout life, although they are opportunistic piscivores.

The anadromous form of rainbow trout, called the steelhead trout, migrates to the ocean at 1–3 years of age.

Weighing up to 1–3 kg and 3–10 years of age

 

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Nile Tilapia
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Oreochromis niloticus
Family:
Cichlidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Body shape generally laterally compressed to oval and deep, though variable depending on the environment
Lateral line interrupted with 30-34 cycloid scales.
Mouth terminal.
Gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch 20-26.
Most distinguishing characteristic is the presence of regular 7-12 distinct vertical stripes throughout depth of caudal fin
Caudal fin truncate
Teeth in the jaws in 3 to 7 series, the number of which is size dependent.
The outermost teeth are bicuspid and in adults with stout shafts and obliquely truncate major cusps.
Lower pharyngeal with firm teeth in approximately triangular dentigerous area.
Jaws of mature male not greatly enlarged
The most diagnostic features are the regular and definitive stripes on the caudal fin, the red flush of the breeding male and the dark margin of the dorsal fin.
Body coloration varies depending on environmental, physiological and dietary factors.

Description:
  •  Max length : 60.0 cm
  • Max. published weight: 4.3 kg
  • max. reported age: 9 years
  • Genital papillae of male short and conical or bluntly bifid at tip and not tessellated.
  • Sexual maturity is reached at 3-6 months depending on temperature, reaching about 30 g.
  • Extended temperature range 8-42 °C, natural temperature range 13.5 - 33 °C
  • Reproduction occurs only when temperatures are over 20°C.
  • Feeds mainly on phytoplankton or benthic algae.
  • Oviparous
  • Maternal mouthbrooders
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Common carp
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Cyprinus carpio
Family:
Cyprinidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Body elongated and somewhat compressed.
Flat and deep body
Short and small head,
Protractile mouth with two pairs of maxillary barbells.
Lips thick.
Dorsal fin base long with 17-22 branched rays and a strong, toothed spine in front
Dorsal fin outline concave anteriorly.
Anal fin with 6-7 soft rays; posterior edge of 3rd dorsal and anal fin spines with sharp spinules.
Pharyngeal teeth 5:5, teeth with flattened crowns.
Color variable, wild carp are brownish-green on the back and upper sides, shading to golden yellow ventrally.
The fins are dusky, ventrally with a reddish tinge.
Description:
  • Average length of 51-61 cm an weight of 1.8-4.5 kg is attained
  • It is a bottom feeder
  • Omnivorous and feeds on insect larvae, worms, molluscs, detritus, fresh and decayed vegetation
  •  Multiple breeder and can breed upto 5 times a year.
  • Breeding season of common carp is March-April however it can be bred in September-October. 
  • Golden carp are bred for ornamental purposes. 

 

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Grass carp
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Family:
Cyprinidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Light yellow body, grey-green back, grey abdomen.
Dark green dorsal and pectoral fins, other fins light grey.
Body of adult fish elongate and sub-cylindrical (length 3.5-4.8 times body height) .
Abdomen round with no ridge.
Head is compressed and slightly pointed and mouth terminal.
Inter-orbital broad and ridged.
Eyes small.
Snout blunt and the mouth is terminal, lower jaw shorter than upper jaw.
Gill membrane connected to the isthmus.
The dorsal fin short originates slightly in front of pelvis.
Lateral line is straight with 37-42 large scales.
Gill rakers (21-25 inner) are short and stick-shaped.
Pharyngeal teeth are pectinate.
Description:
  • Males normally mature one year earlier than females.
  • Body weight at maturity is around 3-8 kg.
  • Can grow maximum uto to 45 kilograms, reach lengths greater than 1 metre
  • ,Llife span between 5 and 11 years.
  • Adult Grass Carp primarily eat aquatic vegetation,
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Bighead Carp
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Hypophthalmichthys nobilis /Aristichthys nobilis
Family:
Cyprinidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Fusiform body with ventral keel from anal fin to pelvic fins.
Its head has no scales, a large mouth with no teeth, and a protruding lower jaw.
Eyes are located far forward and low on its head.
Dorsal fin with a single spine without serrations and with 8 soft rays;
Anal fin with a single spine without serrations and with 13-14 soft rays.
Terminal mouth without barbels.
The bighead carp can be identified by a smooth keel between the anal and pelvic fins that does not extend anterior of the base of the pelvic fins.
Description:
  • Solid gray on back, flanks silvery to light olive, grading to a white belly.
  • Sides often with numerous, small, dark, irregular blotches.
  •  Fins with somewhat darker pigmentation.
  • Forked caudal fin.
  • Pelvic fins abdominal.
  • No adipose fin. 
  •  Numerous small cycloid scales. .
  • Typical adult size is 400-700 mm TL (1.3-2.3 ft), with a maximum of about 1300 mm (4.3 ft).
  • Sharp ridges on anterior pectoral rays in breeding males.
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Silver Carp
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Family:
Cyprinidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Body laterally compressed and deep.
Ventral keel extending from isthmus to anus.
Head smaller
Eye small, on ventral side of head.
Upturned mouth without teeth
Large operculum
Minute scales
Gill rakers sponge-like.
Dorsal fin with 8 rays with no adipose fin
Very silvery in color when young and when they get older they fade from a greenish color on the back to silver on the belly.
Have very tiny scales on their body but the head and the opercles are scaleless
They have a large mouth without any teeth in the jaw, but have pharyngeal teeth in single row.
Keel that extends forward past pelvic fin base is its main distinguishing character from Bighead Carp
Description:

Average length of the Silver Carp fish is around 60-100 cm.

Silver carp mature at 70 cm TL (5 kg) at an age of 3 to 4 years

The large sized fish can reach as much as 140 cm body length. 

It can weight around 50 kg.

This species is known for leaping out of the water when startled (e.g., by noises such as a boat motor).

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Mrigal/Naini
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Cirrhinus mrigala
Family:
Cyprinidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Body elongate with depressed and obtusely rounded
Body covered with cycloid scales
Head small without scales.
Abdomen rounded
Body depth and head length nearly equal.
Sub-terminal mouth i.e. upper jaw is longer than lower jaw
lips without fringe, upper lip not continuous with lower lip.
Body color is usually dark grey on the back and silvery on the sides and belly.
Caudal fin homocercal and deeply forked
Fins are grayish; tips of pelvic, anal and lower lobe of caudal are tinged orange, especially during the breeding season.
Mouth devoid of any teeth on the jaws.
Description:
  •  Bottom feeder
  • Omnivorous; feed on detritus, mud organism, decaying plants and animals.
  • Can reach maximum length up to 1 meter with an average length of around 40 cm
  • Average body weight is about 1-2 kg
  • Maximum weight is about 12.7 kg.
  • Sexual maturity is attained within 1 or 2 years depending on location

 

 

 

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Leicester
Category:
Livestock
Scientific Name:
ovis aries
Family:
ovidae
Distinguishing Characters:
breed with clean face and legs
white in colorand larger size breed
Description:
Country/Place of Origin      

Breed Purpose

           united kingdom

Dual-purpose (meat, wool)

Special Notes Large animals, very hardy and strong, robust, well known for their docility and good maternal qualities, ewes are excellent mothers, average lambing percentage is between 165 and 180 percent, the ewes produce enough milk for their lambs, although very large in size but they are very easy to keep and manage, good for both meat and wool production, wool is long and broad crimped, meat is of very good quality, lambs grow relatively faster
Breed Size Large
Weight Mature ram’s average live body weight is between 140 and 175 kg, and the mature ewe’s average live body weight vary from 90 to 120 kg.
Horns No
Climate Tolerance Almost all climates
Color White
Rarity Common
   

 

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Rambouillet
Category:
Livestock
Scientific Name:
ovis aries
Family:
ovidae
Distinguishing Characters:
breed with white hair around nose and ear
This is a large
Description:

origin: france 
large size wool are produced 
less prollific breed used for meat purpose as well 
Breed Size: Large
Weight: Rams weight between 113 and 135 kg and the ewe’s weight vary from 68 to 90 kg
Horns: Yes
Climate: Tolerance All climates
Color: Can 
Very hardy and strong animals, kept for both meat and wool production, well suited to almost all climates, well known for their superior wool and near-mutton breed characteristics

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
marino
Category:
Livestock
Scientific Name:
ovis aries
Family:
ovidae
Distinguishing Characters:
white face and legs
spirally turned horn
Description:

origin: spain
wool production: good
breed type : exotic
distribution: worldwide 
popular for good wool production 
Small in body /angular in form
Slow maturing
Lambing percentage of 100%
Hardy breed does well under extensive conditions
Have good flocking instincts
They produce fleece that is highly valued

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Catla
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Catla catla
Family:
Cyprinidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Short and deep laterally compressed body
Depth more than head length
Head very large
Conspicuously large cycloid scales, head devoid of scales
Snout bluntly rounded
Eyes large and visible from underside of the head
Mouth wide and upturned with prominent protruding lower jaw;
Upper lip absent, lower lip very thick
No barbels
Greyish on back and flanks, silvery-white below; fins dusky.
Description:

Attains up to 182 cm in length and 38.6 kg in weight

Carnivorous, column feeder

feeds mainly on zooplankton

 

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
Rohu
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Labeo rohita
Family:
Cyprinidae
Distinguishing Characters:
-Body bilaterally symmetrical and moderately elongate
-Mouth inferior and lips thick and fringed with distinct inner fold
-Scales cycloid
-Body colour blue to brownish along the back silvery on the sides and belly
-No teeth on jaws
-Pharyngeal teeth in three rows
-Red mark on each scale during the breeding season and the fins becomes grayish or black
Description:
  •  Rohu attains about 35-45 cm total length.
  •  Growth rate higher than Mrigal but lower than Catla
  • Age of sexual maturity: 2-3 years

 

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
chihuahua
Category:
Livestock
Family:
canis
Distinguishing Characters:
smallest breed
naughty character
mostlu chocolate color
very claver
Description:

origin: mexico
weight: 0.9-2.7 kg
height: 15-20 cm

size: small

life span: 12-20 yrs 
other characters: loyal, entertaning, good social habit, small and easy to carry, travels well, naturally friendly, more porne to injury, look awesome in clothes, loyal to their own, used in sports as well, require minimum of grooming, they are not tolerate alone condition, intelligence and easy to train, sensetive to cold weather

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:
cocker spaniel
Category:
Livestock
Scientific Name:
cocker spaniel
Family:
canis
Distinguishing Characters:
long hair, mostly brown color hair, long floopy ear, very attractive, dark brown oval eyes,
Description:

origin: spain and england

height: 1ft 2 inch - 1ft 3inch

weight: 10-14 kg
life span: 12-15 yrs

size: medium
other characters: very sensetive, benifit from good socilization, gentl, easy to train and handle, very smart, required more attention for their hair, more succeptible for disease than other breed of dog, mostly use for hunting, ear and skin infection is common 

Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Breed:

Farm Machineries Info

Laser land leveller
Description:

The machine is mainly used for land leveling so that moisture is conserved and other operations are also easy to work out. It helps in the reduction in time and water for irrigation, uniform water distribution,lesser weeds in the field, good germination of seeds along with reduction in seed rate, fertilizer requirements.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Mechanical Weeder
Description:

The machine is used instead of manual weeding for reducing weeding time and overall weeding efficiency. It can be used in every type of crop but the crops should be cultivated in a fixed geometric pattern i.e row to row and plant to plant spacing should be maintained. When used efficiently the machine can remove weed from 2-2.5 ropani land per day.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Disc harrow
Description:

disc harrow is a farm implement that is used to till the soil where crops are to be planted. It is also used to chop up unwanted weeds or crop remainders.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Mould Board Plough (MB Plough)
Description:

Mould Board Plough is the most important plough for primary tillage in canal irrigated or heavy rain areas where too much weeds grow.

The objective forploughing with a Mould Board is to completely invert and pulverize the soil, up-root all weeds, trash and crop residues and bury them under the soil.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Harvester
Description:

The modern combine harvester, or simply combine, is a versatile machine designed to efficiently harvest a variety of grain crops.

The name derives from its combining three separate harvesting operations - reapingthreshing, and winnowing - into a single process.

Among the crops harvested with a combine are wheatoatsryebarleycorn (maize), sorghumsoybeansflax (linseed), sunflowers and canola.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Maize sheller
Description:

corn sheller is a hand-held device or a piece of machinery to shell corn kernels of the cob for feeding to livestock or for other uses.

Can shell about 1.5 - 2 tons of maize per hour.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Milking machine
Description:

Automatic milking is the milking of dairy animals, especially of dairy cattle, without human labour.

The machine includes teat cups that contact the cow’s teats and remove the milk.

Have vaccum system.

2-3 cattles can be milked at single time.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Brush cutter
Description:

brushcutter (also called a brushsaw or clearing saw) is a powered garden or agricultural tool used to trim weeds, small trees, and other foliage not accessible by a lawn mower or rotary mowe

It consists of:

  • A power unit held close to the body.
  • A pole through which the power is transmitted.
  • A rotary cutting head at the opposite end of the pole to the power unit.
Photo of Farm Machinery:
Pump set
Description:

Runs by diesel, petrol and kerosene as well.

Different models of varying pumping capacity are available.

Water pumping capacity of about 25,000 to 1,25,000 litre per hour upto height of 25-32 metre.

 

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Post Hole Digger
Description:

post hole digger is a tool used to dig narrow holes to install posts, such as for fences and signs.

 A post hole pincer (pictured) is jabbed into the ground in the open position until the blades are buried. At that point the handles are pulled apart to close the tool and grab the chunk of soil loosened. They are then pulled out of the ground with the chunk of soil. The process is repeated until the hole is deep enough, or until the hole is so deep and narrow that the handles can no longer be pulled apart fully.

Can make holeof 1 metre deep and 2-14 inch wide.

Depending upon the soil conditions can make 45 to 60 holes per hour.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Petrol Sprayer
Description:

Potential of 1 HP, 26 CC, 4 stroke engine.

Can run for an  hour from half litres.

 

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Electric Sprayer
Description:

Used in spraying purpose.

Can run by electric power of 0.55 kw.

can spray about 100 m far and spray 420 litre per hour.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Chaff Cutter
Description:

A chaff cutter is a mechanical device for cutting straw or hay into small pieces before being mixed together with other forage and fed to horses and cattle.

This aids the animal's digestion and prevents animals from rejecting any part of their food.

 

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Trolley sprayer
Description:

Used in spraying purpose.

Features; 1 HP, 26 cc, 2 stroke

Have capacity of about 60 litres.

Can spray 360 litre per hour.

 Extensively used in grape vineyards, coffee plantations, orchards, tall-tree, field crops and rubber plantations to ensure pest free field.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Lawn mower
Description:

lawn mower (mower) is a machine utilizing one or more revolving blades to cut a grass surface to an even height.

The height of the cut grass may be fixed by the design of the mower, but generally is adjustable by the operator, typically by a single master lever, or by a lever or nut and bolt on each of the machine's wheels

Photo of Farm Machinery:
secateur
Description:

Secateurs are a gardening tool that look like a pair of strong, heavy scissors.

Secateurs are used for cutting the stems of plants.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Rotavater
Description:

Rotavator is a tractor-drawn implement which is mainly used for seed bed preparation within one or two passes and is suitable in removing & mixing residual of maize, wheat, sugarcane etc., thereby, helps to improve soil health and save fuel, cost, time & energy as well.

It is very useful and effective for puddling (paddy/rice field preparation with water) It’s less weight is strength of the product that allows the rotary tiller to move in loose soil with low HP tractor easily.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Paddy Thresher
Description:

The Paddy thresher is to thresh crops. It can be operated by any Tractor & also with 10 HP Electronic Motor. No Paddy is left in the crop & not breakage of Rice in the Paddy. There is a special blower inbuilt for cleaning the Paddy. The capacity of this Thresher is 1 Acre per hour

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Blower/ Hedge trimmer
Description:

hedge trimmershrub trimmer, or bush trimmer, is a gardening tool or machine used for trimming (cutting, pruninghedges or solitary shrubs (bushes). Different designs as well as manual and powered versions of hedge trimmers exist.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
chain saw
Description:

chainsaw is a portable, mechanical saw which cuts with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain that runs along a guide bar. It is used in activities such as tree fellinglimbingbuckingpruning, cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression and harvesting of firewood

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill
Description:

Used for sowing different crops such as wheat, barley, maize, peas, black grams, pulses etc. in prepared (tilled) fields with fertilizer.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Reaper
Description:

It can be used to harvest Paddy, Wheat, Maize etc. 

It can harvest up to 1.5 m width.

It can harvest 6-7 katha area in 1 hour time period.

Photo of Farm Machinery:
Rice Transplanter
Description:

It can transplant 4 to 8 lines of paddy.

It can transplant 12-15 Katha area within 1 hour.

It can be operated with 0.5 liter diesel oil for 1 hour.

It has capacity of 4.5 liter tank capacity

Photo of Farm Machinery:

Seed Catalogue

Cowpea(Bodi)
Scientific Name:
Vigna unquiculata/ sinensis
Family:
Leguminoceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The texture and color of the seed are very diverse.They can have a smooth or rough coat and be speckled, mottled or blotchy. Colors include white, cream ,green, red brown or black or various combinations. The seed size varies from 0.6-1.0 cm
Photo of Seed:
Greengram(Mungbean)
Scientific Name:
Vigna Radiata
Family:
Leguminoceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The seeds are small and nearly globular.The color of seed is usually green but yellow brown or purple brown seeds also do occur. The hilum is white, more or less flat and the color of the cotyledon is yellow.
Photo of Seed:
Porso millet
Scientific Name:
Panicum miliaceum
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The grain color varies from white cream, yellow, orange, red, brown to black. The grain are spherical to oval in shape about 3mm long and 2mm diameter. The kernel weight is about 7.1g
Photo of Seed:
Kaguno kodo (foxtail millet)
Scientific Name:
Setaria italica
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The seeds are small around 2mm in diameter which are encased in a thin papery hull which is easily removed in threshing. Seed colour vary greatly but common colour is buff.
Photo of Seed:
Pearl Millet( Moti kodo)
Scientific Name:
Pennisetun typhoides
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The grain is a caryopsis which is mostly grey and rarely yellow. The seed is 3-4mm long and 2-2.5mm wide. The color of grain varies from whitish yellow to grey or dull light blue while the embryo has a reddish tinge. Seed weight is 10-15/1000 kernels.
Photo of Seed:
Sorghum (Junelo)
Scientific Name:
Sorghum bicolor
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The seeds are vary widely among different type in color, shape and size but are smaller than those of wheat.Grain is elongated in which glumes clasping the grain with open panicle is the main distinguishing character.
Description:

Sorghum is popularly known as Camel of crops as it can tolerate exceptional drought. The seeds are high in carbohydrate content with 10% protein and 3.4% fat  and contains small amount of minerals and vitamins so have high feeding value.

Photo of Seed:
Oat
Scientific Name:
Avena sativa
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The grain is more slender and spindle shaped usually greyish yellow and firmly invested by a hull(lemna and palea). The seed is generally covered with fine, silky hairs and includes the seed coat layer. The oat kernel is a caryopsis which is also known as "groat"
Photo of Seed:
Rye
Scientific Name:
Secale cereale
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Rye seed is very similar to wheat seed but is very smaller and darker.The mature grain is more slender and usually greyish yellow than that of wheat seed.
Photo of Seed:
Jackfruit
Scientific Name:
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Family:
Moraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Fruit a sorosis 30-45 x 20-25 cm, oblong, tuberculate, tubercles conical yellowish-green, fruiting perianth yellow to light orange, fleshy; seeds 10-12 x 8-10 mm, elliptic-oblong, smooth, glossy."
Description:

The succulent, aromatic, and flavorful fruit is eaten fresh, cooked as a starchy vegetable, or preserved (e.g., salted like a pickle).

The nutritious seeds are boiled or roasted and eaten like chestnuts, added to flour for baking, or added as ingredients to cooked dishes.

Photo of Seed:
Orange
Scientific Name:
Citrus spp
Family:
Rutaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
The pulp (endocarp) of orange is yellow, orange or more or less red, consists of tightly packed membranous juice sacs enclosed in 10 to 14 wedge-shaped compartments which are readily separated as individual segments. In each segment there may be 2 to 4 irregular seeds, white externally and internally, though some types of oranges are seedless.
Description:

All parts of an orange, including the seeds and leaves, are rich in vitamin C, which is a powerful antioxidant.

Compounds found in orange peels helps lower cholesterol naturally. Fiber in oranges helps prevent atherosclerosis and protects against rheumatoid arthritis.

Photo of Seed:
Papaya
Scientific Name:
Carica papaya
Family:
Caricaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The flesh of the fruit varies from yellow to orange to red, and is thick and juicy, with a central cavity filled with many small black seeds.
Papaya seeds contain nutrients that help heal cirrhosis of the liver and improve kidney health, preventing renal failure. Its anti-inflammatory properties help treat arthritis and joint disease.
It contains an alkaloid called carpaine that kills intestinal worms and amoeba parasites.
Description:

Papayas produce an enzyme, papain, which aids digestion and is used to tenderize meat.

Papain has been used in medicine to treat ulcers and reduce skin adhesions following surgery, and studies have shown that it has antimicrobial properties

. Papain is also used to clarify beer, prepare wool and silk for dyeing, and remove hair from hides before tanning, among other uses.

Papaya is usuallydioecious but hermophrodite type and gynodioecious types are also recognized. In dioecious
type, both male and female plants are separate.

Photo of Seed:
Mango
Scientific Name:
Mangifera indica
Family:
Anacardiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
One of the largest single seeds in any fruit, this flat, creamy-white seed in the center of a mango possesses a dense supply of nutrients and antioxidants.
The major components of mango seed are starch, fat and protein.
Description:

 Mangoes have recalcitrant seeds which do not survive freezing and drying.

 Mango trees grow readily from seeds, with germination success highest when seeds are obtained from mature fruits.

During processing of mango, by-products such as peel and kernel are generated. Kernels take up about 17-22% of the fruit.

Photo of Seed:
Litchi
Scientific Name:
Ltichi chinensis
Family:
Sapindaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Litchi seeds are a rich brown color with a glossy appearance that is 1 to 3.3 cm long and 0.6 to 1.2 cm wide (0.39–1.30 by 0.24–0.47 in).
The seeds have been found to contain methylenecyclopropylglycine which can cause hypoglycemia, while outbreaks of encephalopathy in Indian and Vietnamese children have also been linked to its consumption.
Description:

The fruits are a rich source of sugar (6-20%), protein 0.7% abd faurkt rucg ub fat (0.3%), mineralslike calcium (10mg) phosphorus (35mg) and vitamins like vitamin C (64mg), vitamin B1 (0..2mg), B2 (0.03 mg and B3 (0.1 mg) per 100g.

The fruits can be canned, made into squash,pickles, and wine or dried to form litchi nut.

Photo of Seed:
Apple
Scientific Name:
Malus pumila
Family:
Roasaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
Apple seeds are small, dark brown or black, and under a centimeter long.
They are pointed at one end and rounded at the other.
They are found within five chambers, or carpels, in the center of an apple, with one to three seeds per carpal.
Description:

Apple seeds are known for containing small amounts of cyanide, a poison without an antidote that makes the blood unable to carry oxygen, resulting in asphyxiation. However, the amount of cyanide in each seed is so small that there is little danger of accidentally consuming a lethal dose. 

Apple seeds are coated with a tough, protective layer, keeping them from being digested unless ground or chewed.

This not only protects us from the cyanide, it also protects the seed. If it is not destroyed by the digestive system of animals, it can then sprout wherever they deposit it in their fertile stool.

Photo of Seed:
Pegion pea (rahar)
Scientific Name:
Cajanus cajan
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Each pod contains between 2-9 seeds white , cream , brown , yellow ,purple or black or mottled with any combination of these colors.
ii) Seeds are small , and sometimes hard-coated.
Description:

i) Pegion pea can reach 0.5-4 m in height.

ii) It is perennial shrub grown for its edible pods and seeds.

iii) Pegion pea is fast growing , hardy , widely adaptable and drought resistant plant.

Photo of Seed:
Rice bean (massyang)
Scientific Name:
Vigna umbellata
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Seeds are 6-8mm with concave hilum.
ii) Rice bean seed are variable in color from greenish-yellow to black through yellow , brown.
iii) Yellow brownish types are reported to be most nutritious.
Description:

i) It is short-lived perennial, legume usually grown as an annual plant.

ii) Rice bean  seeds and vegetable part are also used for fodder.

iii) It is usually 30-100cm in height , but can grow upto 200cm.

Photo of Seed:
Horse gram (gahat)
Scientific Name:
Macrotyloma uniflorum
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Seeds are flattened and small.
ii) Seeds are thermosensensitive in nature with red brown , grey black or mottled testa.
iii) It is drought tolerant but sensitive to water logging ,and is completely intolerant to frost.

Description:

i)The horse gram is normally used to feed horses , though it is commonly used in cooking.

ii) It is prescribed for person suffering from jaundice or water retention and as a part of a weight loss diet.

iii) Horse gram are mainly grown under dry land agriculture.

Photo of Seed:
Sunflower
Scientific Name:
Helianthus annus
Family:
Asteraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) There are 3 types of commonly used sunflower seeds i.e. linoleic(most common) , high oleic , and NuSun developed for sunflower oil.
ii) Each variety has its unique levels of monounsaturated , saturated and polyunsaturated fats.
iii) For commercial purposes ,sunflower seeds are usually classified by the pattern on their husks. If the husk is solid black, the seeds are called black oil sunflower seeds.
iv) The seeds are 10-15mm long and 4mm broad , cylindrical or drop shaped.
Description:

i) Sunflower is annual herbaceous plant and grown for its seed can reach upto 1-3.5m.

 ii) It consists of a hard hull (pericarp) and a kernel , which is the actual seed.

Photo of Seed:
Fingermillet
Scientific Name:
Eleusine corocana
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Millet is highly variable small seeded grass.
ii) It is tetraploid and self pollinating.
iii) They are highly tolerant to drought and other weather.
Description:

i) It is an annual herbaceous plant grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semi-arid areas in Africa and Asia.

ii) It is small grained , warm weather cereal.

Photo of Seed:
Buckwheat
Scientific Name:
Fagopyrum esculentum
Family:
Polygonaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) The seeds are triangular in shape and change from light green in color to redbrown.
ii) The seed consists of a true seed (groat) which is surrounded by a thick hull.
Description:

i) Buckwheat is an herbaceous annual plant grown for its seeds.

ii) The plant produces many small white or pink flowers which when pollinated, quickly produce seeds.

Photo of Seed:
Rapeseed
Scientific Name:
Brassica napus
Family:
Brassicaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Each elongated round pod has a short beak and contains many seeds.
ii) Seeds are small, round and yellow in colour.
Description:

i) Rapeseed is an herbaceous annual or biennial member of family Brassicaceae primarily grown for the oil which can be extracted from its seeds.

ii) It is third largest source of vegetable oil in the world.

Photo of Seed:
Souff/Fennel
Scientific Name:
Foeniculum vulgare
Family:
Umbelliferae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) The fruit is a dry seed from 4 – 10 mm long and grooved .
ii) Fennel seed are sweet and woody in taste.
iii) The seeds are used in cookery and sweets deserts.
Description:

i) Fennel is hardy, perennial herb with yellow flowers and feathery leaves.

ii) It is highly aromatic and flavourful herb with culinary and medicinal uses.

iii) It grows to height of upto 2 – 5 m, with the hollow stem.

Photo of Seed:
Red lentil (musuro)
Scientific Name:
Lens culinaris
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) The seed is about 0.5 cm in diameter, in the characteristic lens shape.
ii) The seeds are red in colour and sometimes mottled.
Description:

i) Lentil is an edible pulse, is a busy annual plant.

ii) Red lentil is a self-pollinating crop.

iii)Seeds are presence inside pods. Each pod contains two seeds.

Photo of Seed:
Black pepper
Scientific Name:
Piper nigrum
Family:
Piperaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Seeds are rounded or spherical and black in colour.
ii) Its spiciness is due to chemical piperine.
iii) If the moisture contain is increased than it may result in an increasing adhesion characteristics and roughness of the surface of black pepper seeds.
Description:

i) It is the world’s most traded spice and is one of the most common spices added to cuisines around the world.

ii) It is flowering vine which is usually dried.

Photo of Seed:
Dhaincha
Scientific Name:
Sesbania bispinosa
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) It produces pods which contains light brown cylindrical beans.
ii) It can be grown on all season having sufficient moisture in soil.
Description:

i) It is annual shrub which can grow to 7 m in height but usually only reaches 1 – 2 m height.

ii) It is a crop generally cultivated for improving soil quality.

iii) It is used as a green manure crop.    

Photo of Seed:
Green cardamom
Scientific Name:
Elettaria cardamomum
Family:
Zingiberaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) The seeds have warm, slightly pungent, and highly aromatic flavour somewhat reminiscent of camphor.
ii) The small, black seeds of cardamom are embedded in a thin papery outer shell or pod.
Description:

i) Cardamom is called the “Queen of spices”.

ii) Cardamom is a herbaceous, perennial, rhizomatous plant of the ginger family, used as a spice.

iii) The seeds and the oil from the seeds are used to make medicine.

Photo of Seed:
Black gram
Scientific Name:
Vigna mungo
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Pod contains 4 – 10 ellipsoid black or mottled seeds.
ii) The corolla of black gram is bright yellow and pods are erect.
iii) Seeds are mainly staple food and the dehulled and split seeds.
Description:

i) Black gram is an erect, fast growing annual , herbaceous legume reaching 30 – 100 cm in height.

ii) It is grown for vegetables as well as for forage and hay.

Photo of Seed:
Broad bean
Scientific Name:
Vicia faba
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Each pod contains 3 – 8 seeds which is round to oval and 5 – 10 mm diameter usually flattened.
ii) Vicia faba has diploid (2n) chromosome number of 12 where 5 pairs are acrocentric and one pair is metacentric.
Description:

i) Broad bean are excellent protein source.

ii) Broad bean are member of pea family and are one of the oldest known cultivated plants.

iii) It is a stiffly erect plant 0.5 – 1.8 m tall with stout stems of square cross section. 

Photo of Seed:
Cumin (jeera)
Scientific Name:
Cuminum cyminum
Family:
Apiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Cumin seeds are oblonged in shape, longitudinally ridged and yellow brown in colour.
ii) Cumin seeds have eight ridges with oil canals.
Description:

i) Cumin is annual herbaceous plant, with a slender, glabrous, branched stem and grows upto 30 – 50 cm.

ii) Cumin seeds are dried seeds which is excellent source of iron.

iii) Cumin seeds are used as a spice for its distinctive flavor and aroma.

Photo of Seed:
Common bean (simi)
Scientific Name:
Phaseolus vulgaris
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) The beans are smooth, plump, kidney shaped, upto 1.5 cm long.
ii) Beans range widely in colour and are often mottled in 2 or more colours.
Description:

i) It is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or unripe fruit.

ii) It is valued for its high content of protein and micronutrients such as iron and folic acid .

Photo of Seed:
Soyabean
Scientific Name:
Glycine max
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Soyabean pods generally contain 1-3 seeds each.
ii) Shape of seeds varies from almost spherical to flat and elongated and size ranges from 5-11mm.
iii) It occurs in many hull or seed coat colors , including black, brown, blue ,yellow, green and mottled.
Description:

i) Soyabean is the largest oilseed crop.

ii) It is the annual plant that grows upto 1.5 m tall.

iii) Soyabean seed are extremely high in protein content and are grown successfully in regions with high temperature.

Photo of Seed:
Mung bean
Scientific Name:
Vigna radiata
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Pods contain 7-20 small , ellipsoid or cube-shaped seeds.
ii) Seeds are variable in color but usually green.
iii) Green gram is more prolific and ripens more having bright green seed uniformly with lower tendency for pods to shatter .
iv)The corolla of mung bean is pale yellow and pods are pendulous.
Description:

i) Mung bean is an annual vine reaching a height of 0.15-1.25m, alternatively known as the green gram ,maash or moong.

ii) Mung bean can be used as cover crop before or after cereal crops.

iii) Mung bean are rich in protein and starch with a low lipid content and variable but generally low amounts of fibre.

Photo of Seed:
Field pea (sanokerau)
Scientific Name:
Pisum sativum
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) It is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed pod of the pod fruit Pisumsativum.
ii) Each pod contains small peas which can be green or yellow in colour.
Description:

i) Field pea is an annual plant with a lifecycle of one year.

ii) It is cool season crop grown in many parts of the world and use as a vegetable crop.

Photo of Seed:
Fenugreek (methi)
Scientific Name:
Trigonella foenum-graecum
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Seeds are light brown or yellow brown , fusiform , flattened , very hard , multiple edges and fragrant.
ii) The whole plant gives off an unpleasant odor ,reminiscent of hay.
iii) There is presence of groove in the central part and as unpleasant taste.
Description:

i) Methi is an annual plant with leaves consisting of three small obovate to oblong leaflets.

ii) It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop.

iii) Trigonella means three edges due to the shape of its flower and  foenum-graecum is the latin word for the plant that is mixed with poor quality straws to create fragrance.

Photo of Seed:
Chick pea
Scientific Name:
Cicer arietinum
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) The seeds are rounded ,edible and dry.
ii) Relative to most other pulses , chickpeas are fairly low in protein (as low as 17%) , high in fat (15%).
Description:

i) The chickpea plant is an  annual sticky herb till 1.64 feet tall.

ii) It is also called Bengal gram or Garbanzo bean or chana.

iii) Chick pea is one of the worlds most consumed pulses.

Photo of Seed:
Coriander (dhaniya)
Scientific Name:
Coriandrum sativum
Family:
Apiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Seed is globular , dry schizocarp 3 -5 mm in diameter.
ii) The seeds have a lemony citrus flavour when crushed , due to terpenes , linalool and pinene.
Description:

i)It is also called cilantro , is an annual herb which all parts are edible.

ii) It is used in cuisines throughout the world.

iii) The plant reaches upto 20 inches tall.

Photo of Seed:
Flax (alas)
Scientific Name:
Linum usitatissimum
Family:
Linaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Seeds are typically about 3 – 4 mm long.
ii) Seeds are brown in color and are smooth and shiny with a mucilaginous substance in their outer layer that makes them sticky when wet.
iii) Flax seeds come in brown, golden and yellow varieties and have a slightly nutty flavor.
Description:

i) It is also called linseed which comes from small, single stemmed annual plant that grow to about 2 ft. (0.6 m) tall with grayish green leaves and sky blue flowers.

ii) It is used for extraction of oil known as linseed oil.

iii) It is rich source of Alpha Linolenic Acid ( ALA).

Photo of Seed:
Mustard (tori)
Scientific Name:
Brassica campestris
Family:
Brassicaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Seeds are reddish brown to dark brown in colour and are 2 mm or less in diameter .
ii) They have spherical or oval shape.
iii) First true leaves are covered with hairs on both upper and lower leaf surfaces.
Description:

i) Mustard are herbaceous annual plant grown for their seed which are used as spice.

ii) The lower leaves are deeply lobed , while upper leaves are narrower and not lobed.

iii) Flowers are actinomorphic and stamens are tetradynamous.

Photo of Seed:
Sesame (til)
Scientific Name:
Sesamum indicum
Family:
Pedaliaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) It grows upto 1.5 m and stems are erect and pubescent .
ii) Its lower leaf are opposite and upperleaves are alternate and flowers are hermaphrodite.
iii) Seeds are flattened,oval , black or white or yellow or brown.
Description:

i) Sesame is a flowering plant also called benne.

ii) The fruit is a capsule within which there are from 15-20 seeds.

Photo of Seed:
Barley (jau)
Scientific Name:
Hordeum vulgare
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Barley is light tan to yellowish color spindle shaped.
ii) Stem of barley are erect and grow to 60 – 120 cm tall with few leaves , which is alternate.
iii) Barley has long, smooth, sharp pointed auricles which tends to clasp or overlap but ligule are short and membrane like.
Description:

i) It is an annual grass and comes in two varieties , distinguished by number of rows of flowers on its flower spike i.e. 6 and 2 row barley.

ii) It is lighter than wheat .

Photo of Seed:
Maize
Scientific Name:
Zea mays
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) The male and female part are positioned separately on the plant .
ii) The lowermost leaf is round at the tip while all other leaves are pointed and total of 8 - 12 leaves / plant are present.
iii) Cob bearing leaf is 6th or 7th leaf from the top and it may reach to 2 - 3 m in height.
Description:

i) Maize is an annual grass and is a staple food crop grown all over the world.

ii) Maize plant possesses a simple stem of nodes and internodes.

iii) Male inflorescence is called tassel and female inflorescence is called ear.

Photo of Seed:
Wheat
Scientific Name:
Triticum aestivum
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
i) Wheat are generally oval shaped, although different wheat have grains that range from almost spherical to long narrow and flattened shapes.
ii) The grain is usually between 5 and 9 mm in length.
iii) Wheat plant have long slender and hollow stem in most of the varieties.
Description:

i) Wheat is one of the oldest and most important of the cereal crops.

ii) The demand of wheat is increasing due to unique viscoelastic and adhesive properties of gluten protein which facilitate the production of processed food.

iii) The main part of the wheat grain are barn, endosperm and germ.

Photo of Seed:
Rice (dhan)
Scientific Name:
Oriza sativa
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The rice plant can grow to 1-1.8 m tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility.
It has long slender leaves 50 – 100 cm long and 2.5 cm broad.
The edible seed is grain 5 – 12 mm long and 2 -3 mm thick.
Description:

Rice, a monocot is most widely consume as a staple food.

Rice can produce ratoon crops for upto 30 years and requires ample water.

Main parts of rice grain are husk , bran, endosperm and germ.

Photo of Seed:
Onion
Scientific Name:
Allium cepa
Family:
Amaryllidaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The seeds are glossy black and triangular in cross section.
Contrary to its name, onion seeds do not belong to the onion family. Belonging to the same family of black cumin, onion seed is also known as kalonji, black onion seed, black caraway, etc
Description:

Onion seed constitutes 38% of oil that is responsible for its aromatic flavor. The seeds are used as flavoring agents while cooking.

The seeds need to be toasted to enhance their fragrant tinge.

The seeds are also added in various forms of bread like naan, paratha, chapatti, etc. In few parts of the world, onion seeds are also used to season fish.

Onions grown from seed almost always perform better than those grown from sets.

Photo of Seed:
Carrot
Scientific Name:
Daucus carota
Family:
Apiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Carrot seeds are tiny and covered with a spiny, hooked, and slightly curved mericarp.
The mericarp contains a characteristic oil which inhibits seed germination, requiring the removal of the mericarp before planting.
The seeds are very small and brownish is colour.
Description:

Carrot seeds are not true seeds in a botanical sense but are dry fruits called 'schizocarps'.

Seeds are highly variable due to cross-pollination and have undergone extensive breeding programs to increase uniformity.

 Hybridization, however, has not produced consistent results.

Seed development and vigor are determined by the conditions under which they are formed.

Photo of Seed:
Radish
Scientific Name:
Raphanus sativus
Family:
Brassicaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The seeds of radishes grow in siliques (widely referred to as "pods"), following flowering that happens when left to grow past their normal harvesting period.
The seeds are edible, and are sometimes used as a crunchy, sharp addition to salads.
Description:

The most commonly eaten portion is the napiform taproot, although the entire plant is edible and the tops can be used as a leaf vegetable.

The seed can also be sprouted and eaten raw in a similar way to mung bean.

The seeds of radishes can be pressed to extract radish seed oil.

Wild radish seeds contain up to 48% oil, and while not suitable for human consumption, this oil is a potential source of biofuel.

Photo of Seed:
Lentil( Musuro)
Scientific Name:
Lens esculenta
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The seeds are of light brown, black and red color with lens shape. They are of either large seeded or small seeded
Photo of Seed:
Okra
Scientific Name:
Abelmoschus esculentus
Family:
Malvaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
Seeds are dark brown or gray, globose to reniform, 5-15 per locule, (3-)4-5(-6) mm, striate, minutely warty.
Description:

Nutritionally, the richest part of the okra plant is the seed.

Although the oil of the okra seed after processing is edible, and the residual meal following oil extraction is significantly rich in protein, the seed is not traditionally used for either oil or protein, but rather for seedling and regeneration purposes.

The seeds of mature okra pods, sometimes used as poultry feed, are also consumed after roasting, and as a coffee substitute. 

Photo of Seed:
Watermelon
Scientific Name:
Citrullus lanatus
Family:
Cucurbitaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
Seeds are ovate in outline, c. 10 mm long, c. 5 mm broad, black or rarely red or of different shades, smooth or slightly verrucose.
Description:

There are between 300-500 seeds in a watermelon, depending upon the size of course.

Although usually discarded, the seeds are edible and delicious when roasted.

They are also highly nutritious and high in fat as well.

One cup of watermelon seeds has over 600 calories.

 

Photo of Seed:
Pointed gourd,Parwal
Scientific Name:
Trichosanthes dioica
Family:
Cucurbitaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
There are several seeds found inside the yellowish white flesh of the fruit.
The seeds are globose in shape and variable in size.
Description:

Pointed gourd is perennial dioecious grown as vine.

Propagation is by vine  cutting and root suckers.

Seed propagation is avoided due to poor germination and inability to determine sex of the plants before flowering(50% plants may be male).

Photo of Seed:
Bitter gourd
Scientific Name:
Momordica charantia
Family:
Cucurbitaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
Bitter gourd seeds are large, flat, tortoise shell-like, yellow, thick seed coat, the surface pattern, each fruit contains seeds from 20 to 30, weight 150 to 180 g per 1000seeds.
Description:

The immature fruit is green with white seeds.

The fruit turns orange when mature and splits open from top down to reveal bright red seeds. 

The immature fruits are often cooked and eaten as a vegetable. They are rich in vitamins A and C. 

The fruits are used in folk medicine to treat diabetes. Its juice is applied externally to treat skin disorders and its juice is drunk as a cure for arthritis, rheumatism and asthma.

Photo of Seed:
Bottle gourd
Scientific Name:
Lagenaria siceraria
Family:
Cucurbitaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
Seeds are white, oblong, compressed, slightly tapered, slightly 2-horned on the shoulders, 7-20 mm long.
Description:

Bottle gourds are also called "calabashes", they are sometimes confused with the hard, hollow fruits of the unrelated calabash tree,  whose fruits are also used to make utensils, containers, and musical instruments.

Calabash fruits have a variety of shapes: they can be huge and rounded, small and bottle shaped, or slim and serpentine, and they can grow to be over a metre long.

Photo of Seed:
Ridge gourd
Scientific Name:
Luffa acutangula
Family:
Cucurbitaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
There are numerous flattened seeds that are pitted inside the fruit having fiborous spongy skeleton and seeds are black without a narrow wing-like margin.
Description:

Luffa, or loofah, is derived from the Arabic name, louff, for Luffa cylindrica, while the specific epithet, acutangula, means “with sharp edges”, referring to the prominent ridges of the fruit. 

Edible Plant Parts (Edible Fruits; Edible Leaves; Edible Flowers), Medicinal (The fibres, charred and fresh fruits, seeds, leaves and sap from the stem of Luffa acutangula have uses in medicine and cosmetics.

Ridge gourd is extremely rich in dietary fiber helps in proper functioning of digestive system

Photo of Seed:
Sponge gourd
Scientific Name:
Luffa cylindrica
Family:
Cucurbitaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
There are numerous seeds that are smooth and black with a narrow wing-like margin.
Description:

Fiber of mature dry fruits is used as a bath sponge. 

As tender fruits are easily digestible and appetizing,it is prescribed for those who are suffering from malaria and other seasonal fevers.

For seed production, the fruits are harvested when they get physiologically mature.

Photo of Seed:
Summer squash
Scientific Name:
Cucurbita pepo
Family:
Cucurbitaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
Seeds are similar to the seeds of pumpkin.
The seeds of C. pepo are variable in size.
Description:

Seeds are high in protein, oil, and minerals (they contain 30% protein and 40–50% oil), and are eaten raw, toasted, or pressed to make oil. 

C. pepo has numerous traditional medicinal uses: seeds are toasted and eaten to kill intestinal parasites; fruits are used as a diuretic and anti-diabetic; and a preparation of the flowers has been used to treat jaundice, measles, and smallpox.

Photo of Seed:
Pumpkin
Scientific Name:
Cucurbita moschata
Family:
Cucurbitaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
The seeds are typically rather flat and asymmetrically oval, and light green in color and may have a white outer hull.
Some cultivars are hulless, and are grown only for their seed.

,


Description:

The seeds are nutrient-rich, with especially high content of protein, dietary fibers and numerous micronutrients.

The word can refer either to the hulled kernel or unhulled whole seed, and most commonly refers to the roasted end products.

The oil of pumpkin seeds, a culinary specialty in and important export commodity of Central Europe, is used in cuisine,as a salad, and cooking oil.

Photo of Seed:
Cucumber
Scientific Name:
Cucumis sativus
Family:
Cucurbitaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The white seeds range from 0.5-1.8cm in length, and are emarginate and elliptical with pointed ends.
A gram of seed includes 33-40 seeds.
Description:

Fully mature fruit with ripe rind colour are harvested. Mature seeds easily separate from the interior. 

 For seed extraction by hand the fruits are cut in half length wise and the seeds are scrapped into a container where the seeds and juice mixture are allowed to ferment for a day in water.

Seeds are washed in water and dried under sun.

Drying is continued unit seed moisture reaches to about 10%

Photo of Seed:
Chilli
Scientific Name:
Capsicum spp
Family:
Solanaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
Seeds are compressed, obicular and minutely pitted.
Diameter of seed varies from 3 to 4 mm weighing around 6 mg.
Description:
  • Seeds start developing in fruit rapidly during 14-21 days after anthesis.
  • A kilogram seeds contain 120-170 thousand seeds.
  • Increased seed yield was observed with higher nutrition.
  • Phosphorus is known to increase seed size than nitrogen and potash.
  • Seeds remain viable for longer period in fruit than when seeds extracted and stored.
Photo of Seed:
Tomato
Scientific Name:
Lycopersicon esculentum
Family:
Solanaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
Tomato seed develops in a mucilaginous gel which has germination inhibitors.
Seeds are normally tan or light brown in color with a pubescent covering (fuzz).

Description:

There are basically three methods of seed extraction: (1) juice and seed extraction, (2) acid extraction which is not recommended, and (3) extraction by fermentation, which is the preferred method.

 Fermentation is the preferred method because it is a natural process that is least harmful to the seed and can destroy bacterial canker and other seed-borne diseases.

Photo of Seed:
Brinjal, Eggplant
Scientific Name:
Solanum melongena
Family:
Solanaceace
Distinguishing Characters:
The seeds are small (about 2-3 mm diameter), flattened, pale brown, kidney shaped with leathery seed coat.
Description:

The seeds are scattered through the fruit, embedded in a firm placenta.

.Many seeds are formed in a single fruit (800-1000 in long brinjal and 1000-1500 in round brinjal.

The harvested fruits are stored for three to four days until they become soft. This allows the seed to mature fully. The top one-third of the fruit is removed since it contains almost no seed. Then seeds are extracted by suitable methods.

Photo of Seed:

Flower Catalogue

Gladiolus
Scientific Name:
Gladiolus gandavensis
Family:
Iridaceae
Description:

-known as queen of bulbous plants.

-sword lily, with its beautiful flower spike 

-Inflorescence with variety of colours and number of pretty florets.

Photo of Flower:
Lily
Scientific Name:
lily spp
Family:
Amaryllidacea
Description:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Photo of Flower:
carnation
Scientific Name:
Dianthus caryophyllus
Family:
Caryophyllaceae
Description:

-Third most important commercial cut flower after rose and gladiolus.

-can be cultivated through cutting and seed both.

Photo of Flower:
Tuberose
Scientific Name:
Polyanthes tuberosa
Family:
Agave
Description:

-bulbous perennial plants.

-native flower of Mexico.

 

Photo of Flower:
Anthurium
Scientific Name:
Anthurium spp
Family:
Araceae
Description:

-perennial plants of creeping habit.

-poisonous plant due to calcium oxalate.

-Can be propagated through cutting and seed both.

 

Photo of Flower:
pagoda tree
Scientific Name:
Plumeria acuminata
Family:
Apocyanceae
Description:

-Propagated by seed and cutting.

-Dwarf to medium height.

-produces white pink colored scented bloom.

 

 

Photo of Flower:
Rukmini /Ixora
Scientific Name:
Ixora rubra
Family:
Rubiaceae
Description:

-Height varies from 0.5 to 2.5cm.

-flower color may white ,yellow,pink ,orange.scarlet and orange scarlet.

-Propagated by cutting and air layering both.

Photo of Flower:
Rangoon creeper
Scientific Name:
Quisqualis indica
Family:
Combretaceae
Description:

-Flower are white at the time of openning but gradually turn into pink and reddish.

-Propagated easily by cutting and layering.

Photo of Flower:
Ghante ful
Scientific Name:
Hibiscus spp
Family:
Malvaceae
Description:

-propagated by cutting and layering.

-bushy shrub,

-Grown for ornamental foliage and beautiful form.

Photo of Flower:
canna (kera ful)
Scientific Name:
Canna indica
Family:
cannaceae
Description:

-Flower colour can yellow and red both .

--propagated by division of rhizomes 

-flower in two flushes-september-December and february -April.

Photo of Flower:
kalanchoe
Scientific Name:
Bryophyllum spp
Family:
Crassulaceae
Description:

-propagated by leaf cutting.

-Have fleshy foliage and stem.

-Capable of withstanding long hot spells of drought.

-store sufficient moisture in their succulent body parts.

Photo of Flower:
pahelo karbir/yellow olender
Scientific Name:
Thevetia stans
Family:
Apocyanaceae
Description:

-Tall shrub growing 2-3 m height.

-Flowers are yellow ,orange or white and funnel shaped.

-Blooms throughout the year.

-Used as ornamental hedge.

Photo of Flower:
Bottle brush
Scientific Name:
callistemon lanceolotus
Family:
Myrtaceae
Description:

-Dwarf to medium tree.

-Evergreen nature.

-bright red coloured flowers appeared in march to october.

-Propagated by seed and layering.

Photo of Flower:
Golden dew drop( Nilkada)
Scientific Name:
Duranta plumeri
Family:
Verbenaceae
Description:

A large,woody shrub with axillary spines.

Propagated from cutting and seed.

 

Photo of Flower:
Simal tree
Scientific Name:
Bombax ceiba
Family:
Bombaceae
Description:

-Tall and deciduous nature.

-Dark red colour flower.

Blooms in December to february.

-Propagated by seed.

Photo of Flower:
Gerbera
Scientific Name:
Gerbera jamesonii
Family:
compositae
Description:

-Also known as Daisy.

- Popular commercial cut flower in the world.

-Propagated by seed ,stem cutting and division.

Photo of Flower:

Livestock, Poultry and Fish Diseases Catalogue

Argulosis
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Argulus foliaceus
Family:
Argulidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Infested fish become irritable

Flashing

Loss of scales

Skin fissures

Hyperplasia at wound margin

The fish rub their body with something strong.

Infected fish do frisking unstably occasionally.

The wounded place by argulosis become red colored.

Small sized wound can be seen in the body of fish.

The growth of fish get reduced and body become feeble.
Description:

Disease caused by Crustacean.

This is commonly known as carp lice.

Secondary infection

As a result the carp become weak and even death may occur.

 

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease
Trichodinosis
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Trichodina indica / Trichodinella sp
Family:
Trichodinidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Whitish-gray or blue-gray blotches occur on the body and fins, sometimes on the gills
Slime covers skin like fog.
Fins clamped
Denuded of tissue.
Restlessness
Loss of appetite
Signs  of irritation including swimming near borders
Scratching against hard objects
Excessive mucus  secretion
Respiratory function can be impaired due to gill infections
Description:

Protozoan disease

Pathogen: Ciliated, having prominent denticular ring

High bacterial loads provide abundant food for Trichodininds,

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease
Ichthyophthiriosis
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Family:
Ichthyophthiriidae
Distinguishing Characters:
White spots of Up to 1 mm diameter seen all over the body.
Disorientated swimming close to the surface or staying close to the bottom and tightly folded fins are also observed.
Fish will often be seen to rub themselves against stones as the parasite enters the skin.
The parasites feed on fish host tissue, debris and fluids causing proliferation and swelling of host skin cells (a condition called epithelial hyperplasia).
Description:

Protozoan disease.

Also known as White spot disease or Ich.

Most common in carps. 

The parasites are often introduced through infected fish or pond equipment. 

Changes in environmental conditions such as, the introduction of lower temperature water to that of the pond or tank can also cause the release.

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease
Myxosporidiosis
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Myxobolus cerebralis
Family:
Myxobolidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Infected fish whirl round and round in the same direction several times and then fall to the bottom.
The parasite penetrates the head and spinal cartilage
Have difficulty in feeding and avoiding predators.
Darkened tail
Twisted spine
Deformed head.
In severe infections, whirling disease can cause death.
Description:

It is a protozoan disease.

Also known as Whirling Disease

The parasite does not infect humans or predators that eat infected fish; trout and salmon with whirling disease can be safely eaten.

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease
Costiosis/Ichthyobodosis
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Costia necatrix / Ichthyobodo necator
Family:
Bodonidae
Distinguishing Characters:
Mucus production giving fish a bluish cast(slime)
Poor appetite/ stop feeding
Lethargy
Description:
  • It is a protozoan disease.
  • Common ectoparasitic disease
  • Also known as Blue slime disease
  • Attack all species of fish
Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease
Icthyophonus disease
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Icthyophonus hoferi
Family:
Ichthyophonae
Distinguishing Characters:
Infection under the skin and in muscle tissue.
The skin may have a "sandpaper texture" .
Fish may show curvature of the spine.
Internally, the organs may be swollen with white to grey-white sores.
Ulceration may occur.
Description:

The disease is spread by fungal cysts which are released in the faeces and by cannibalism of infected fish.

Particularly severely affected organs are:- liver, spleen, heart(herring), kidney, gonads,brain, gills and musculature and nerve tissue behind the eyes depending upon fish species

Diseased fish shows curious swinging movements hence the disease is called as swinging disease.

 It is also known as “Reeling Disease”.

 

 

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease
Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome(EUS)
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Aphanomyces invadans
Family:
Leptolegniaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Lesions can range from small pinpoint red spots to haemorrhagic spots
Localized swelling, localized raised areas on the body surface
Protruding scales
Scale loss,
Skin erosion and reddened areas of the skin under the scales.
Exposure of underlying musculature
Ulceration.
Lesions are observed most often in the lateral surface but can also occur on any part of the body
Large red or grey shallow ulcers, often with a brown necrosis are observed in the later stages.
Infected fish may float below the water surface
Becomes hyperactive with a very jerky pattern of movement.
Description:

EUS is an infection caused by an oomycete fungi known as  Aphanomyces invadans or A. piscicida.

Also known as :

  • Red Spot  Disease (RSD)
  •  Mycotic Granulomatosis (MG)
  •  Ulcerative Mycosis (UM)
  • Epizootic Granulomatous Aphanomycosis (EGA). 

An epizootic condition of wild and farmed freshwater and estuarine fish

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease
Branchiomycosis
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Branchiomyces demigrans and B. sanguinis.
Distinguishing Characters:
The tubules of fungus grow into the respiratory epithelium of the gills, causing inflammation and damage to their blood vessels.
Infect the gill tissue of fish
The blood supply is stopped to the infected area.
Necrosis of gill filaments
Fish may appear lethargic
Seen gulping air at the water surface (or piping).
Gills appear striated or marbled with the pale areas representing infected and dying tissue.
Description:

Also known as Gill Rot 

Both species of fungi are found in fish suffering from an environmental stress, such as low pH (5.8 to 6.5), low dissolved oxygen, or a high algal bloom. 

Branchiomyces sp. grow at temperatures between 57° and 95°F but grow best between 77° and 90°F.

The main sources of infection are the fungal spores carried in the water and detritus on pond bottoms.

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease
Saprolegniasis
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Saprolegnia parasitica.
Family:
Saprolegniaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Fish fungus appears as gray or white patches on the skin/gills.
They may become brown/green (later stage) as they trap sediment.
Normally establishes as small, focal infections that then spread rapidly over the body or gills.
Relatively superficial, cotton like growth on the skin or gills. 
Lesions grow surface of the skin, they usually do not penetrate deeply into muscle.
Exposure of jaw bones
Exfoliation of the skin followed by haemorrhage
Blindness
Description:

Fish becomes weak and lethargic 
Inflammation of liver and intestine.

Also known as Cotton Wool or  Water Mould Disease

Most common fungus affecting fishes, especially major carps.

Mainly a secondary infection seen after damage to the fish integument.

Causes: Water pollution and overcrowding 

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease
Bacterial Gill disease
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Flavobacterium branchiophilum
Family:
Flavobacteriaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Swelling in gill lamellae.
Fusing and clubbing of the gill filaments.
Change in gill color.
Fish becomes lethargic.
Lack of appetite.
Description:
  • Common external infection of hatchery reared salmonids and occasionally of warm water species reared under intensive conditions.
  • Colonization of damaged gills by bacteria
  • Transmitted through water from infected fish.
  • Reduces the ability of the gills to supply oxygen to the blood
  • Results in mortality if left unchecked
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease
Eye disease
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Aeromonas liquefaciens
Family:
Aeromonadaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Eye and its related nerves and brain are affected.
Fish shows lethargic action
Description:

It is also a contagious disease.

Medium and large size fishes are affected by this disease.
 

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Fin rot/Tail rot
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Flexibacter columnaris
Family:
Flexibacteraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
A more or less distinct white line is seen at the margin of the fin in early stages of the diseases.
The white line moves towards the base of the fin and the fin becomes torn .
After sometimes the entire fin is completely destroyed.
Causing haemorrhage.
Fin rays become brittles first and later break leading to the complete destruction of the fins.
The infection may also spread on the body surface.
Faded color or discoloration on the edges of the fins,
Description:

Leads to  lethargy and loss of appetite

Caused due to bacterial infection.

Results in the putrefaction of Caudal fin(Tail) or other fins.

Fin and tail rot are associated with poor sanitary conditions in fish ponds and with water pollution in nature.

 If the disease is left untreated, the disease can spread to other areas of the body.

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Dropsy
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Pseudomonas punctata
Family:
Pseudomonadaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Swelling of the belly due to the accumulation of a yellow or pink colored liquid in the body cavity.
The intestine is highly inflamed.
Liver is badly affected.
Scales stand out
Eyes bulge
Anus becomes red and swollen
Spine may become curved
Fish hangs near the surface
Description:

 Buildup of fluid inside the body cavity or tissues. 

Can indicate a number of underlying diseases, including bacterial infections, parasitic infections, or liver dysfunction.

Most feared disease in carp culture.

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Ulcer/Bacterial Ulcer
Category:
Fishes
Scientific Name:
Haemophilus piscium
Family:
Aeromonadaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Open sores on the surface of the body of susceptible fishes.
Lesions begin as a small papilla
Top of the papilla erodes away leaving the open ulcer
The open ulcers have whitened skin around the periphery and a dark center
Description:

An acute or chronic disease of fishes

Bacterial disease

Specially affected : IMC, Exotic carp,Gold fish and cat fishes as well

Photo of Pathogen/Diseases:
Photo of Livestock/Poultry/Fish Disease

Plant Pests Catalogue

Gram Pod Borer
Scientific Name:
Helicoverpa Armigera
Family:
Noctuidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Cotton, maize, tobacco, tomato, pulses, gram
Distinguishing Characters:
Light pale brownish yellow stout moth.
Forewings are pale brown with a dark brown circular spot in the centre.
Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.
Description:
  • The cotton bollworm is a highly polyphagous species.
  • Larva feeds on silk and developing grains.
Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Whitefringed Beetles
Scientific Name:
Naupactus (=Graphognathus) spp.
Family:
Curculionidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
cotton, peanuts, okra, velvetbeans, soybeans, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, beans, and peas
Distinguishing Characters:
Female (males unknown) light to dark gray or brown, with a lighter band along the outer margins of the wing covers, and two paler longitudinal lines.
Larva are creamy yellowish-white, C-shaped.
Description:
  • Larvae feed on roots, tubers, and underground stems as well as dead plant material and complete their development in the soil.
  • Whitefringed beetles overwinter as larvae.
Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Black Bean Bug
Scientific Name:
Chauliops nigrescens
Family:
Lygaeidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Distinguishing Characters:
The eggs are cylindrical, dark brown
Newly emerged nymphs are light orange in colour and 0.07 x 0.02 mm
Fourth instar nymphs are dull red and 1.9 x 0.9 mm.
Fifth stage nymphs are dark brown, 2.4 x 1.2 mm
The average size of female and male is 2.75 x 1.00 and 2.85 x 1.25 mm, respectively.
Description:
  • Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap
  • Reduction of chlorophyll content
  • Less photosynthesis
  • Quality and the yield both are greatly reduced.
  • Severely damaged leaves show several minute yellow specks and small black pustules of excreta.
  • Leaves gradually wither and fall of.
Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cowpea Curculio
Scientific Name:
Chalcodermus aeneus
Family:
Cueculionidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Cowpea, snap bean, lima bean, and pea
Distinguishing Characters:
The larva is pale yellow in color, although the head and prothoracic plate are yellowish brown.
Adult is oval and black in color, with a faint bronze tint.
Description:

Both adult and larval stages feed on seeds within the pods.

Female deposits an egg at a site where she has been feeding. Small cavities and shallow furrows are typical forms of injury.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Bean Leafroller
Scientific Name:
Urbanus proteus
Family:
Hesperiidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
cowpea, lima bean, pea, snap bean and soybean
Distinguishing Characters:
The bean leafroller adult is fairly large, measuring about 50 mm in wingspan. It has prolonged extensions, or "tails," of the hind wings.
Larva is yellowish with a brownish-black head and prothoracic shield.
Description:

Leaves folded together with tender shoots showing bore . It has holes.

The larva leaves the shelter to feed, and lines the shelter with silk.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Lucerne Shield Bug
Scientific Name:
Piezodorus hybneri
Family:
Pentatomidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Cowpea, soybean, lucerne, lentil, and other pulses; also reported on cotton, sorghum, potato, tomato, chillies, brinjal, linseed, etc.
Distinguishing Characters:
Pale greenish or luteous tinged with greenish, thickly punctate; pronotum with the lateral margins, with a transverse pale or purplish fascia between the pronotal angles.
Description:
  • Adults and nymphs feed on the sap resulting in yellowing and drying of leaves.
  • Severe reductions in seed quality and quantity.
Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Tur Pod Bug
Scientific Name:
Clavigralla gibbosa
Family:
Coreidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Pigeon pea and other pulses
Distinguishing Characters:
The bugs are grrenish brown with swollen pronotum.
The young nympha are reddish with prominent spines.
Description:

Developing pods show feeding punctures inside and grains become shriveled, they suck cell sap.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Stem Fly / Bean Fly
Scientific Name:
Ophiomyia phaseoli
Family:
Agromyzidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Pea, cowpea, lima bean, soyabean
Distinguishing Characters:
Small metallic black fly.
Maggot creamy and apodous.
Description:

Lays eggs on leaf surface especially neat the petiole ends

Causes drooping of the tender leaves and  seedling wilt.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Red gram pod fly
Scientific Name:
Melanagromyza obtusa
Family:
Agromyzidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Pigeon pea, cowpea, mung, bean
Distinguishing Characters:
Small metallic black fly, small whitish larvae with brownish mid dorsal line.
Description:

The fly oviposits eggs into the tender pods.

The larvae then feeds on the epidermis and enters the seeds and damage them

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Grass Blue Butterfly
Scientific Name:
Euchrysops cnejus
Family:
Lycaenidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Green gram
Distinguishing Characters:
Larvae are pale with red line and short black hairs on the body.
Butterfly is blue, medium sized with 5 black spots in the hind wings and spots in the inner margin.
Description:
  • Buds, flowers and young pods with boreholes plugged with excreta.
Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Blue Butterfly
Scientific Name:
Lampides boeticus
Family:
Lycaenidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Red gram
Distinguishing Characters:
Larvae is flat and slightly rounded, Pale green with a rough skin.
Moth is greyish blue with prominent black spots and a long tail.
Description:
  • Buds, flowers and young pods with boreholes

 

  • Honey dew secretion with black ant movements.
Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Blister Beetle
Scientific Name:
Mylabris phalerata
Family:
Meloidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Cururbits, okra, cotton, carnation, rose, groundnut, beans, millet
Distinguishing Characters:
• Full grown grubs are coarctate and form pseudopupae, which become pupae later
• Beetles have three black and three yellowish orange bands running transversely and alternatively on elytra.
Description:

Feed on the floral buds and flowers

  Attacked flowers become brownish and unattractive

  Larvae are beneficial.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Silver Spotted Skipper
Scientific Name:
Epargyreus clarus
Family:
Hesperidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
leaves of herbs, vines, shrubs, and trees in the pea family
Distinguishing Characters:
The upper-side of the wings is brown with a median row of yellowish-gold spots .
The wing fringe is dashed with white.
The under-side of the wings is brown with a large median irregular-shaped white patch on each wing and a short rounded tail.
The head is dark reddish brown with large yellow eye patches.
Description:

When disturbed, larvae regurgitate a greenish, bitter-tasting, defensive chemical. the larvae pupate inside the leaf nest.

The pupal stage is the overwintering stage.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Spiny Pod Borer
Scientific Name:
Etiella zinckenella
Family:
Pyralidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Lima bean, black gram, green gram
Distinguishing Characters:
Greenish initially, turns pink before pupation.
Brownish grey moth with a white stripe along the anterior margin in forewings.
Description:
  • Dropping of flowers and young pods
  • Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered.
Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Lablab bug / Bean plataspid / Globular stink bug
Scientific Name:
Megacopta cribraria
Family:
Pentatomoidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Pigeonpea, cowpea, field bean, soybean, and other legumes
Distinguishing Characters:
It is a brownish stout bug .
Description:

Damage symptoms include feeding punctures appearing as black or brown spots and presence of a large number of shiny, olive-green near circular bugs on the plants.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Mexican Bean Beetle
Scientific Name:
Epilachna borealis
Family:
Coccinellidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
snap beans and lima beans, Phaseolus vulgaris
Distinguishing Characters:
The newly emerged adult is of a straw or cream-yellow color, eight black spots of variable size appear on each wing cover.
In larva, the body is covered with rows of stout branched spines, arranged in six longitudinal rows on the backs.
Description:

Larval and adult stages will feed upon the leaves, flowers and pods of the bean plant

The upper surface of the leaves dries out after the lower section is injured, giving a lace-like, skeletonized appearance.

Occasionally blossoms, and in many cases small pods, will be entirely destroyed.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Bihar Hairy Caterpillar
Scientific Name:
Spilarctia obliqua
Family:
Arctiidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Hibiscus, Liquidamber and Ilex asprella , Pulses , Polyphagous
Distinguishing Characters:
Larvae covered profusely with grey hairs.
The adult head, thorax and under side of the body are dull yellow.Antennae and eyes are black.
Description:

Caterpillars eat away leaves and soft portions of stems and branches.

In severe, infestation the entire plant can be defoliate.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Spotted Pod Borer
Scientific Name:
Maruca testulalis
Family:
Crambidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Beans, peas, castor, ground nut, tobacco
Distinguishing Characters:
Caterpillar light brown in colour with irregular brownish black dorsal, lateral and ventral spotsAdults are medium sized slender moths.
Hind wings are semi hyaline white with a brown distal patch.
Description:

Pods  become malformed .

Caterpillars feed on reproductive parts of the flower.

Later they web the inflorescence with leaves, pods and then feed within.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Plume Moth
Scientific Name:
Exelastis atomosa
Family:
Pterophoridae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Red gram
Distinguishing Characters:
Adult are small with yellowish brown wings.
The forewings are cut into two plumes and hind wings into three.
Larva are greenish-brown and fringed with short hairs and spines.
Description:

They damage seeds as well as cause flowers, buds and pods to drop.

It also enters into the pod and feeds on developing grains.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Litchi Bug
Scientific Name:
Tessaratoma papillosa
Family:
Tessaratomidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Litchi
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults are red in colour and large in size.
Newborns are flat shaped red and blue colored.
Bad smell comes from infected plants also.
Description:

Adults and new born suck sap from litchi sitting at fruit stalk. Fruit drops occur once infected. Fruits of infected plant are not tastier.

They also infect the young branches.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Peach Aphid
Scientific Name:
Myzus persicae
Family:
Aphidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Peach
Distinguishing Characters:
No wings. Oval shaped body. Body is light greenish and yellowish in color. Large black spot in the body. U shaped structure in between two wings.
Description:

Diseased pant. Poorly developed plant .

They transmit several diseases like mild mosaic. High density of aphids found in leaf surface.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Bark Eating Caterpillars
Scientific Name:
Indarbella species
Family:
Metarbellidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Mango, Guava Litchi, Citrus fruits
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults brown in color.
Red and brown colored wings with black and brown colored linings.
Larva dark brown head with light brown body.
Description:

Holes are found at the region of branching of stems. Web like structures fou

nd in the branch and stems. Abnormally developed

plant. Dried branches.

Photo of Insect:
Pomegranate Butterfly
Scientific Name:
Virachola Isocrates
Family:
Lycaenidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Pomogranate, Guava
Distinguishing Characters:
Males have bright blue-violet colored wings.
Females have brown-violet colored wings with orange colored spot.Larva are hard in structure with dark brown color with white spots.
Description:

Surface of pomegranate contains black and brown colored holes.

Bark contains brown spots. Smell from the fruit. Early dropping of fruits.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Litchi Mite(लिचिको सुलसुले )
Scientific Name:
Aceria litchi
Family:
Eryiophyidae
Order:
Trombidiformes
Host Crop:
Litchi
Distinguishing Characters:
The active stages and eggs are very small and may be difficult to find even with a x10 magnification hand-lens.
Description:

The mites puncture and lacerate the tissues of the leaf and suck the cell sap.

- They attack the young leaves causing hairy blister like gall on the upper side of the leaves. The leaves also become thickened wrinkled and distorted and may ultimately fall off.

- The mite also attack and cause malformation of inflorescence.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Banana Stem Weevil / Banana Pseudostem Borer(केराको थाम घुन )
Scientific Name:
Odoiporus longicollis
Family:
Curculionidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Banana
Distinguishing Characters:
The adult weevils are black-coloured and measure 23-39 mm.
Red-coloured morphs of theBSW are also encountered in certain banana-growing areas.
Adults are strong fliers and in this way, move from plant to plant.
Gravid females lay yellowish white, elliptical eggs by inserting the ovipositorsthrough ovipositional slits cut by the rostrum on the outer epidermal layer of the leaf sheath of the pseudostem down to the air chambers.
Description:

Early symptoms of the infestation are the presence of small pinhead sized holes on the stem, fibrous extrusions from bases of leaf petiole and exudation of a gummy substance from the holes on the pseudostem.

- In advanced stages of infestation, the stem when split open will show extensive tunneling both in the leaf sheath and in the true stem. Rotting occurs and foul odour is emitted. Weakening of the stem by larval tunneling often result in breakage by wind.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Tent Caterpillar(पाल बनाउने लाभ्रे )
Scientific Name:
Malacosoma americanum
Family:
Lasiocampidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Apple and cherry trees, flowering crabapples, and other members of the rose family And : Mostly woody perennial fruits plants like pear, peach, mango etc.
Distinguishing Characters:
Body and wings warm fawn brown.
Forewing with white am. and pm. lines. Median area sometimes white.
Description:

The tent caterpillar feed on leaves and also modifies the leaf margin into web like structure (Tent).

- The caterpillar being voracious in nature feed heavily and defoliate the tree.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
San Jose Scale(स्याउमा लाग्ने कत्ले कीरा )
Scientific Name:
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
Family:
Diaspididae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Apple
Distinguishing Characters:
The body of adult female is yellow and is covered with a rounded dark gray scale up to two millimetres in diameter. Over the course of two months, yellow crawlers are born viviparously and emerge from the back of the test at the rate of two or three a day. In bad weather they gather under their mother's scale. The crawlers disperse to other parts of the plant and start feeding. They moult after about ten days and begin to lose their eyes, legs and antennae. The adult female appears after the next moult and the scale develops, incorporating the larval exuviae. The development of the male involves three moults. The male nymph is more elongate than the female and the adult male is orange coloured and has wings. It lives only for a few hours.
Description:

These insects suck the sap which result weak young plants in the nursery.

- The leaves, twigs, fruits and sometimes even the entire bark may be seen covered with ashy-grey scales.

- The affected fruits present pink colored areas around the scales and the market value of such fruits is reduced.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Wooly Aphid / American Blight (सेतो भुवादार लाही कीरा )
Scientific Name:
Erisoma lanigerum
Family:
Aphidadae
Order:
Homoptera
Host Crop:
Apple
Distinguishing Characters:
Body is violet coloured and covered by white cotton like fibres.
Description:

It causes the damages in Nursery bed. It destroys the soft part of stem, roots and leaves by sucking the vital sap from the tissue.

- In severe case of infestation, few warts can be observed and lead to low production of fruits.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Citrus Psylla(सीट्रस सिल्ला )
Scientific Name:
Diaphorina citri
Family:
Liviidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Citrus Fruits
Distinguishing Characters:
The adult psyllid is about four millimetres long with a fawn and brown mottled body and a light brown head. It is covered with a whitish, waxy secretion which makes it look dusty. The forewings are broadest at the back and have a dark edging around the periphery with a pale gap near the apex. The antennae are pale brown with black tips. These features distinguish it from the superficially similar African citrus psyllid. It typically adopts a head down, tail up posture as it sucks sap. Aphids are often also present on citrus and psyllids can be distinguished from them by being more active, jumping insects, whereas aphids are sedentary. In addition, the antennae of a psyllid has ten segments whereas those of aphids usually have four or six segments. Most aphids have cornicles on the abdomen and psyllids lack these.

The psyllid nymph moults five times. It is a yellowish-orange colour and has no abdominal spots. The wing pads are prominent, especially in the later instars.

The eggs are approximately 0.3 millimetres long, almond-shaped, thicker at the base and tapering toward the top. They are at first a pale colour but turn yellow and later orange before they hatch. The long axis is placed vertical to the surface of the leaf.
Description:

The adults of pyslla suck the sap from young saplings. As well during sucking of sap, the insects also release the poisonous products in the leaves that cause the leaves distorted.

- The insect also deposit the honey like sweet product in leaves that make the favorable environment for the growth and development of Sooty mould.

- Citrus Psylla is the major vector insect for transferring Greening disease bacteria.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Citrus Butterfly(ठुलो पुतली )
Scientific Name:
Papilio demoleus
Family:
Papilionidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Citrus Fruits
Distinguishing Characters:
They are large in size and of different colours.
Larva at initial stage are brown in colour and at developed stage are green in colour.
Description:

The caterpillars feed on the leaves and especially young seedlings and trees are seriously affected.

 Complete defoliation occurs in severe attack.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Scale insect(कत्ले कीरा )
Scientific Name:
Coccus pseudomagnoliarum
Family:
Coccidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
most citrus and their hybrids:grapefruit, Citrus paradisi lemon, Citrus limon Mediterranean mandarin, Citrus deliciosa sour orange, Citrus aurantium sweet orange, Citrus sinensis trifoliate orange, Poncirus trifoliata wu zhu yu, Evodia rutaecarpa
Distinguishing Characters:
Adult Females:Up to7 mm (0.28 in.) in length.
Dark grey.
Elongate, oval and slightly convex.
Only females are known.
Wingless.
Immatures:Two nymphal instars prior to maturation.
First instars are translucent yellow-green to brown, mobile crawlers.
Second instar is mottled dark brown.
Elongate, oval, and slightly convex.
Eggs:Yellow.
Oval.
Eggs remain under the female prior to hatching.
Description:

Nymphs and adults damages the citrus plants by sucking the vital sap from the leaves, stems and fruits which stunted growth.

Soft scaled bodied insects produce honey like sweet products which provide favorable environment for the growth and development of Sooty mould and results in blackish appearance of leaves and stem.

Reduced Flowering

  • Reduced fruiting and production.
  • Honeydew excreted by scales coats the outside of fruits and leaves, and promotes the growth of sooty mold fungus that inhibits photosynthesis, weakens the plant, and makes fruit unattractive.
  • Pierces and removes nutrients from leaves, and weakens the plant.
  • Killed during heavy infestations.
Photo of Insect:
Fruit Fly(फल कुहाउने औँसा )
Scientific Name:
Bactrocera minax
Family:
Tephritidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Citrus Fruits
Distinguishing Characters:
Adult is like common housefly. Wings are stretched outside. They are generally white coloured.
Description:

The female flies puncture the soft and tender fruits with their stout and hard ovipositor and lay eggs below the epidermis.

- On hatching, the maggots which are voracious in nature feed inside on the pulp of fruits.

- The infested fruits can be identified by the presence of brown resinous juice which oozes out of the punctures made by the flies for oviposition.

- These punctures also serve as an entry for various bacteria and fungi which results for rotting, distortion and malformation and pre-matured falling of fruits.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Stone Weevil(आँप वीज / कोयाको घुन )
Scientific Name:
Sternochetus mangiferae
Family:
Curculionidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Mango
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults are meduium sized , round and dark brown in colour. They act as if died when they are touched
Description:

The grubs make tunnel in a zigzag manner through the pulp, endocarp and the seed coat.

- The grubs feed on the cotyledons and destroy them.

- The adults which emerge from the pupae feed on the developing seed and this may hasten the maturity of infested fruits and cause damage of fruits

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Mango Hopper(फड्के कीरा )
Scientific Name:
Amritodus atkinsoni
Family:
Cicadellidae
Order:
Homoptera
Host Crop:
Mango
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults are light green in colour mixed with brown colour and jump.
(The hoppers are found in abundance during November – February synchronizing with the flowering of mango trees.)
Description:

- Both the nymphs and adults suck the sap from the inflorescence in large numbers causing withering and shedding of flower buds and flowers which result in poor fruit setting.

- The honey dew excreted by them affords conditions for development of sooty mould.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Onion Maggots / Onion Fly
Scientific Name:
Delia antiqua
Family:
Anthomyiidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Onion , Garlic
Distinguishing Characters:
The onion fly has an ash-grey body and resembles a housefly. The male has a longitudinal stripe on the abdomen which is lacking in the female. The legs are black, the wings transparent, and the compound eyes brown. The eggs are white and elongated and are laid in groups on the shoots, leaves, and bulbs of host plants and on the ground nearby. The larvae are white and cylindrical and hatch in 3 to 8 days. Each batch of larvae tends to keep together and collectively create large cavities in bulbs. More than 50 maggots may feed on one bulb, sometimes originating from eggs laid by several females. The larvae moult three times, feed for about 20 days, and grow to about 1.0 cm long. The pupa is brown, ringed, and ovoid and measures 7 mm (0.28 in) long. Pupation occurs in the ground with the pupal phase from the spring generation lasting two or three weeks. Late-generation pupae overwinter in the soil
Description:

Nature And Damage of Maggot:
The maggots feed on seedlings, transplants and bulbs. Infested plants wilt and turn pale green to
yellow. First generation maggots in the spring cause the most damage. Young plants are more
susceptible to attack and can be killed, established plants are damaged but not usually killed.
Feeding damage causes misshapen bulbs and allows the entry other species of maggots and decay
organisms.
Control:
The onion maggot life cycle lasts from 37 to more than 60 days.The first-generation adults emerge
from pupae around mid-May in the northeastern US, with peak flights occurring about 2 weeks
later. Adults can survive for 2-4 weeks and may lay hundreds of eggs, beginning approximately 7
to 10 days after emergence.

Nature And Damage of FLY

It feeds on onion, garlic and chews both in the field and in stores. When plants are attacked, the
leaves start to turn yellow and the bulbs rot quickly, especially in damp conditions. Control
measures include crop rotation, the use of seed dressings, early sowing or planting, survey and
removal of infested plants, and autumn digging of the ground to destroy the pupae.
Control Measures
Application consist of placing sand soaked with a cupful of kerosene in a bucket of dry sand at the
base of the plants along the row is very effective for deteriing the parent files from depositing their
eggs. This will also kill young maggots that might attempts to work through sand.

 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Garlic Mite
Scientific Name:
Aceria tulipae
Family:
Eriophyidae
Order:
Trombidiformes
Host Crop:
Garlic
Distinguishing Characters:
This mite is known as the dry bulb mite. This is not the same as the wheat curl mite, which infects cereals
and other grasses. Eriophyid mites are tiny banana-shaped mites that are too small to see without
magnification.
Description:

Bulbs infested with bulb mites may rot and fail to produce new growth, or new growth may be off
color, stunted, and distorted.
 Once the mites are inside the bulb, they rapidly turn the bulbs into rotten pulp.
 Apparently bulb mites can attack healthy new roots and corms, especially in greenhouses. The
mites may penetrate into lily stems which become brittle. Infested lilies are often dwarfed,
distorted, and the stem roots are suppressed.
Bulb mites may enter prematurely opened tulip buds and cause bud necrosis.

 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Spider mite
Scientific Name:
Tetranychus spp
Family:
Tetranychidae
Order:
Trombidiformes
Host Crop:
Broad leaf mustard, lettuce
Distinguishing Characters:
Spider mites are less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in size and vary in color. They lay small, spherical, initially transparent eggs and many species spin silk webbing to help protect the colony from predators; they get the "spider" part of their common name from this webbing.
Description:

Spider mites are two-spotted arachnids that change color from pale green to orange or red when
the weather becomes cold. They suck chlorophyll from the leaves, causing white translucent spots
and a silky web that can cover the whole crop.
CONTROL:
The garden pests can be controlled by natural predators such as beneficial mites, ladybugs,
lacewings, parasitic wasps, and spiders. They can also be eradicated by an organic spray which
needs to be applied on a weekly basis.

 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Green Vegetable Bugs
Scientific Name:
Viridula nezara
Family:
Pentatomidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Green vegetables
Distinguishing Characters:
The adult males can reach a body length (from front to elytral apex) of about 12.1 millimetres (0.48 in), while females are bigger, reaching a size of about 13.1 millimetres (0.52 in). The body is bright green and shield-shaped and the eyes are usually reddish, but they may also be black. They differ from the similar green stink bug (Acrosternum hilare) by the shape of their scent gland openings, which are short and wide in N. viridula, and narrow and long in the green stink bug.
Description:

The most common vegetable bugs are the mealy, squash, and stink bugs. The three pests are well
known to pierce the stems and leaves and suck the sap, causing crop distortion and stunted growth.
They are pale pink, grey or white and popular in sheltered gardens.

CONTROL:
These bugs can be controlled by natural sprays such as garlic fire and predators such as wasps.
They can also be managed by methylated spirits, smothering oils, and physical methods such as
squeezing and crushing with hand

 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Leaf Miner
Scientific Name:
Bedellia somnulentella (Zeller)
Family:
Lyonitidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Leafy vegetables
Distinguishing Characters:
Leaf miners are destructive pests that suck sap and feed on the leaves, causing white tunnels or trails on the crop.
The adult insect is a grey or white fly while the larva or maggot is a greenish yellow caterpillar with a pair of black mouth hooks.
Description:

It is well known to cause great damage to beet, spinach, and chard.
CONTROL:
These harmful insects can be controlled by a suitable insecticide. They can also be controlled by
biological sprays, wasp predators which eat the larva and mechanical methods such as destroying
infested crops and eliminating weeds.

 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Flea Beetle
Scientific Name:
Mantura spp
Family:
Chrysomelidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Raddish and other root crops
Distinguishing Characters:
Flea beetles vary from black to tan or other colors, solid, or spotted depending on the species. They are tiny garden bugs at only 1/16 inch in length. You can see them if you approach quietly, but they will spring away quickly if disturbed.

Adult flea beetles overwinter in brush and wooded areas. They pose a threat early in the planting season as they are emerging, typically when weather reaches 50ºF.
Description:
Tiny holes , pinholes, chewed leaves by adult insect. Adult insects are 1/16" long, hard-shelled,
shiny, dark-colored beetles that jump when disturbed. Slender, whitish, cylindrical larvae feed in or
on roots but root damage is generally minimal.
CONTROL:
Dust with Rotenone. Keep debris removed. Rotate location of planting from year to year.


 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Root Maggots
Scientific Name:
Anthomyia spp
Family:
Antnomyiidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Raddish and other root crops
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults (1/5 inch long) are dark gray flies that look like the common housefly, only smaller.
They lay their eggs in the soil at the base of host plants and are very good at detecting newly planted seed beds.
Maggots (1/3 – 1/4 inch long) are small, yellowish white, legless larvae with tapered or pointed heads and a rear end that is blunt.
Description:

Leaves wilt and growth is stunted.

Insect is common, white, root feeding maggot.

1/4" long adult flies emerge from the soil about the time cherries bloom and lay eggs at base of plants in surrounding soil.

Legless larvae feeds on host plant for three weeks, riddling the roots with brown tunnels before they pupate .

Two or three generations can occur each growing season.
CONTROL:
Use Diazinon before planting as a soil treatment. Rotate from year to year.


 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Carrot Weevil
Scientific Name:
Listronotus oregonensis
Family:
Cruculionidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Carrot
Distinguishing Characters:
The Adult carrot Weevil is a dark-brown snout beetle about 6 mm long .
It over winters in plant debris carrot fields that were infested the previous year.
Description:
They feed on foliage, chewing out notches, damage is usually not severe.


 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Carrot Rust Fly
Scientific Name:
Chamepsila rosae
Family:
Psilidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Carrot
Distinguishing Characters:
The rust fly maggots are tiny and reach only 1/3 inch long.
They are yellowish-white and pupate in a month. The brown pupae stay near the roots until they become adults.
Description:

The maggots of the Carrot Rust Fly damage plants by eating the small fibrous roots and by tunneling in larger roots.

A rust-colored material develops in the tunnels, giving the insect its name.
Affected plants may become yellow, stunted, and die. Usually the plant tops continue to look healthy.

Maggots often continue to feed in stored carrots.

Disease organisms may enter the feeding tunnels and cause them to rot.

Neem has proven effective against this pest.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Sweet potato weevils
Scientific Name:
Cylas spp
Family:
Brentidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Sweet Potato
Distinguishing Characters:
The body, legs, and head are long and thin, giving it an ant-like appearance. The head is black, the antennae, thorax and legs orange to reddish brown, and the abdomen and elytra are metallic blue. The snout is slightly curved and about as long as the thorax; the antennae are attached at about the mid point on the snout. The beetle appears smooth and shiny, but close examination shows a layer of short hairs. The adult measures 5.5 to 8.0 mm in length.
Description:

They are insect pests that can cause severe damage to sweet potatoes.

The larvae cause the most damage by feeding on the stems and storage roots.

When weevil populations are high, more than one preventive method should be used such as: use of clean planting material, planting early in
season and/or using early maturing varieties, selecting deep rooting varieties or earthing up the
soil around the base of the plant, removal of crop residues and volunteer plants, and crop rotation.

 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Greater and Lesser Yam Beetles
Scientific Name:
Heteroligus meles / Heteroligus appius
Family:
Dynastidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Yam
Distinguishing Characters:
Adult beetles are 23-33 mm long, dark brown to black, with 2 prominent knobs on the head.
The beetles lay eggs in the soil close to river banks and these hatch to produce creamy-white to grey larvae, which feed on grass roots and other organic matter.
Description:

 Majorly pests of yam in West Afica .

From egg to adult takes 22-24 weeks and emergence coincides with the beginning of the rains and the planting of yams.

Further attack occurs just before harvest when the beetles again feed voraciously and then migrate to the breeding sites.

 The adult beetles burrow into the soil and feed on the tubers.

Preventive methods, such as planting as late in the season as possible and treating planting material with an insecticide before planting, are the best ways to control yam
beetles and reduce the infestation.

 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Harlequin Bug
Scientific Name:
Murgantia hisrionica
Family:
Pentatomidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Brocolli, Radish , crucifers and other vegetable crops
Distinguishing Characters:
The harlequin bug is a flat, shield-shaped stink bug (3/8 inch long) with red-and-black spotted markings, on its back.
The nymphs have the same markings, but are smaller and more round.
The eggs stand on end in double rows and appear as tiny white kegs with black hoops.
Description:

Both the adult and nymph suck sap from the collard/cabbage plant causing it to wilt, turn brown and die.

Younger plants are more susceptible to the feeding.

Larger plants can withstand higher populations but show reduced growth and yellowing.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cabbage Maggot
Scientific Name:
Delia radicum
Family:
Anthomyiidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Root and Stem of cabbage
Distinguishing Characters:
Cabbage root maggots are white, legless, and about ⅓ inch long. As with most maggots, they clump in groups and will feed voraciously on root systems of cole crops.
The cabbage fly is tiny, grey and fragile, and will emerge in early spring. It resembles a small housefly. After feeding for about 10 days, eggs are laid at the base of cole crop seedlings.
Eggs are about ⅛ inch and oblong, and laid in rows, usually in moist or shaded areas (eggs are susceptible to heat damage, another reason they are mostly found in northern zones). They can often be seen near the main stem in the soil.
Larvae hatch and tunnel through the soil to feed on the roots. After feeding, they become cabbage root fly pupae and prepare for the transformation to become cabbage root flies.
Description:

Plants attacked by the cabbage maggot appear sickly, off color, and stunted.

If the attack is severe, they wilt suddenly during the heat of the day and die.

Cabbage roots show brownish grooves over their surface and slimy winding channels running through the flesh. Many of the small fibrous roots are eaten off.

Early cabbage after transplanting and late cabbage while still in the seedbed are most severely injured.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Diamond Back Moth
Scientific Name:
Plutella xylostella
Family:
Plutellidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Leaves of crucifers
Distinguishing Characters:
Diamondback moths are gray about one-third inch long, and have a wingspread of less than one inch.
The males have three light yellow diamond-shaped markings on their wings.
The moths move rapidly when disturbed. They fly short distances from plant to plant during the daytime.
Description:

The larvae feed on all parts of the plant but prefer places around the bud of a young plant,crevices between loose leaves of a firm head, and the undersides of wrapper leaves.

Larvae will often not eat completely through the leaf, leaving tiny "windows" of thin foliage.

Their feeding may disfigure the bud of a young plant so that the marketable portion will not develop properly.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Coss Stripped Cabbageworm
Scientific Name:
Evergestis rimosalis
Family:
Crambidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Cabbage, collard green ,brussel sprout
Distinguishing Characters:
The moth of the cross-striped cabbageworm has a wingspread of about one inch.
The front wings are mottled yellowish brown to brown, and are marked with zigzag lines of dark brown.
The rear wings are lighter, being almost transparent at the base, darker at the front, and marked across the
free end with a row of five or six small, indistinct dusky spots.
Description:

Cross-striped cabbageworms prefer the tender terminal buds and the heads of cole crop plants and riddle them with holes.

Eggs are laid in clusters, and large numbers of the larvae hatch on individual plants scattered over a field.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cabbage Webworm
Scientific Name:
Hellula undalis
Family:
Crambidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Broccoli, cabbage,mustard, turnip
Distinguishing Characters:
The cabbage webworm is the larva of a moth that has brownish yellow front wings mottled with darker brown, and pale gray rear wings.
The moths have a wingspread of a little more than onehalf inch.
When disturbed in the field, moths make short, erratic flights, and come to rest quickly among the leaves of a plant or on the ground, where their color blends with that of the soil.
Description:

Cabbage webworms tunnel into and kill the buds of young plants.

Destruction of the original bud causes the production of secondary buds that cannot mature by harvest time.

Less severe injury may disfigure the head produced from the original bud.

Feeding on the outer leaves of older plants usually does little harm.
The shiny, light brown pupae are about one-fourth inch long.

They form in a web that is attached to fallen leaves and other debris on the soil surface.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cabbage lopper
Scientific Name:
Trichoplusia spp
Family:
Noctuidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Cabbage ,bok choy, broccoli
Distinguishing Characters:
The cabbage looper is a very destructive and difficult to control pest of cabbage and other cole crops.
It is the larva of a medium-sized grayish brown moth.
The moths have a figure-eight shaped silver spot near the middle of each of the front wings.
Description:

Newly hatched larvae usually eat out small areas on the undersides of leaves.

As they grow, they move to the center of the plant, eating through the leaves between the veins.

Large larvae are heavy feeders and may cause serious damage to marketable heads especially when numerous.

Damage however, may at times be restricted to wrapper leaves.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Pumpkin Beetle
Scientific Name:
Raphidopalpa foveicollis
Family:
Chrysomelidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Pumpkin,muskmelon, watermelon, sponge gourd,etc
Distinguishing Characters:
The dorsal part of the body of adult beetle is deep orange, while the ventral side is black.
The beetle appears to be oblong measuring 5-8 mm in length and 3.5- 3.75 mm in width.
The posterior part of the abdomen bears soft white hairs.
Description:

The damage to the plant is caused mainly by the adult insects which feed voraciously on the leaves, flowers and fruits.

The beetle makes hole in the plant tissues, causing death or retardation of growth.

The damage done to young seedlings is often devastating.

The grubs of this pest remain in the soil and feeds on roots and stem of the plant.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cucurbits Leaf Beetles
Scientific Name:
Diabrotica speciosa
Family:
Chrysomelidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Cucumber,pumpkin ,bottle gourd,etc
Distinguishing Characters:
Striped cucumber beetles are yellow-green with three black stripes down the back and are 1/4 inch long.
The spotted cucumber beetle (also known as the southern corn rootworm), also 1/4 inch long, is yellow-green with 12 black spots on its back.

Description:

At least three common cucurbit leaf beetles attack pumpkins in South Africa. They are all black and orange and damage flowers and leaves.

 Its larvae feed on the roots of crops.

CONTROL :Cucurbit beetles must be controlled when they are first noticed in the spring.

                     Daily scouting is essential during the emergence and early life of the crop while the plants are small and suspect.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Melon Fly
Scientific Name:
Bactrocera cucurbitae
Family:
Tephritidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Bittermelon, winter melon, cucumbers, eggplant, green beans, hyotan, luffa, melons, peppers, pumpkins, squashes, togan, tomatoes, watermelon, and zucchini.
Distinguishing Characters:
The adult melon fly is 6 to 8 mm in length. Distinctive characteristics include its wing pattern, its long third antennal segment, the reddish yellow dorsum of the thorax with light yellow markings, and the yellowish head with black spots.
The egg is elliptical, about 2 mm long, and pure white. It is almost flat on the ventral surface, and more convex on the dorsal. Eggs are often somewhat longitudinally curved.
The larva is a cylindrical-maggot shape, elongated, with the anterior end narrowed a somewhat curved ventrally. It has anterior mouth hooks, ventral fusiform areas and a flattened caudal end.
Last instar larvae range from 7.5 to 11.8 mm in length. The venter has fusiform areas on segments 2 through 11. The anterior buccal carinae are usually 18 to 20 in number. The anterior spiracles are slightly convex in lateral view, with relatively small tubules averaging 18 to 20 in number.
The puparium ranges in color from dull red or brownish yellow to dull white, and is about 5 to 6 mm in length.
Description:

This pest stings young fruit (usually smaller than 10cm) and lays eggs in a cluster under the peel.
Infected fruit rots.
CONTROL: Put out bait consisting of Dipterex, sugar and water when flowering starts. Control with pesticide every seven to 10 day

 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Tomato Leaf Miner
Scientific Name:
Tuta absoluta
Family:
Gelechiidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Tomato
Distinguishing Characters:
The caterpillar lives as a miner in the leaf, stem or fruit but usually exits the mine to pupate.
Larger caterpillars can sometimes be found outside the mine or fruit.
Pupation may take place in the soil as well as on the surface of a leaf, in a curled-up leaf or in a mine.
The moths are active during the night and hide between the leaves at daytime.
Description:

Tomato leaf miner larvae feed on leaves and fruits, from seedlings to mature tomato plants.

Infestation is often followed by infections by secondary pathogens rendering infested crops unmarketable.

CONTROL: For an effective control strategy tomato growers should install and maintain pheromone traps formass trap monitoring of this pest in fields and greenhouses                      which are devoid of netting.

                    In case of such greenhouses, these should have installed pheromone traps or other mass trapping devices on the inside and should also have installed                            pheromone traps on the outside distributed throughout the perimeter.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Potato Aphid
Scientific Name:
Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Family:
Aphididae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
a variety of vegetable plants including tomatoes
Distinguishing Characters:
The potato aphid has both a pink and a green color biotype.
This aphid is much bigger than the green peach aphid with a more elongate body shape and is generally found on the terminals of tomato plants later in the season than green peach aphids.
Size of Adult is :2 - 4 mm
It is also considered to be more damaging
Description:

High potato aphid populations can distort leaves and stems, stunt plants, and cause necrotic spots on leaves.

These aphids also secrete a large amount of honeydew that promotes development of sooty mold on foliage and fruit.

Plants are particularly susceptible to yield losses from high infestations during the period from 6 to 8 weeks before harvest.

Yield losses from equally high aphid populations decline substantially as harvest approaches, unless aphid densities are reducing leaf area enough to permit sunburn.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer
Scientific Name:
Leucinodes orbanalis
Family:
Pyrustidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Brinjal
Distinguishing Characters:
The moths are medium sized.
The wings are whitish with large brown patches all over.
Wings expanse 22-26mm.
Full grown larva is light pink measuring about 12mm long.
Description:

When the infestation is on shoots, they bend down and whither, affected leaves and shoot wither and dry.

At later stage of growth, caterpillars bore into flower buds and fruits , sometimes from under the calyx, when no visible symptoms are apparent.

Damaged flower buds are shed and fruits show circular holes. The large holes seen on fruits are usually the exit holes of the caterpillars.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Brinjal Leaf Roller
Scientific Name:
Eublemma olivacea
Family:
Crambidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Brinjal
Distinguishing Characters:
Moths are medium sized having wing expanses 25-35mm.
Fore wing are green in colour.
They always found in the leaf folds.
As a result of damage the folded leaves wither and dry up.
Description:

Caterpillars roll leaves and feed on chlorophyll while remaining inside the folds.

The folded leaves wither and dry up.

Control : Collection and destruction of infested leaves along with insects in the initial stage help

                 to minimize the infestation.

            Spraying of Carbaryl (0.1%) or Malathion (0.05%) controls the pest effectively.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Tomato Fruit Borer
Scientific Name:
Helicoverpa armigera
Family:
Noctuidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Tomato
Distinguishing Characters:
The body length varies between 12 and 20 millimetres (0.47 and 0.79 in) with a wingspan of 30–40 millimetres (1.2–1.6 in).
The fore wings are yellowish to orange in females and greenish-gray in males, with a slightly darker transversal band in the distal third.
The external transversal and submarginal lines and the reniform spot are diffused.
The hind wings are a pale yellow with a narrow brown band at the external edge and a dark round spot in the middle.
Description:

Tomato fruit borer is one of the most destructive pests of tomato.

The adults lay majority of theeggs on the upper and lower leaf surfaces of the first four leaves in the top canopy.

The larvae scrape the tomato foliage until early or late second instar stage.

The larva bores into the fruit making it unfit for marketing.

In severe cases of infestation more than 80 per cent fruits get damaged.
 

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Leaf Roller
Scientific Name:
Tonica zizyphi
Family:
Oecophoridae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Curryleaf, citrus, jamun, castor, wood apple
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults are white, the forewings with tufts of scales.
Description:

The larvae sometimes roll the leaflets in large numbers and cause appreciable damage.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Bulb mite
Scientific Name:
Rhizoglyphus robini
Family:
Acaridae
Order:
Sarcoptiformes
Host Crop:
onion bulbs or garlic clove
Distinguishing Characters:
Bulb mites have an oval body and are translucent.
Their legs are short and reddish brown.
Eggs are shiny, clear and oval
Description:

The mite attacks through basal plate of the bulb, or though the outer skin layers.

If a bulb is bruised or damaged in any way, mite development occurs more quickly. Roots may also be "mined" internally .

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Ringlegged Earwig / Groundnut Earwig
Scientific Name:
Euborellia annulipes
Family:
Labiduridae
Order:
Dermaptera
Host Crop:
Onion, garlic, cabbage, cotton, sorghum and groundnut
Distinguishing Characters:
Adult is brown to black with forceps like caudal cerci and white jointed legs.
Description:

Cause damage by boring into onion bulbs and make cavities which lead to withering of plants.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Onion Maggot or Onion Fly
Scientific Name:
Delia antiqua
Family:
Anthomyiidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Onion and Garlic
Distinguishing Characters:
Eggs are elongate in shape and white in colour.
Maggots are also white in colour and 18 mm in length when full grown.
Flies are slender, greyish, large-winged. The maggots are small, white
Description:

The maggots bore into the bulbs, causing the plants to become flabby and yellowish.

It causes withering in the field and rotting in storage. 

Damage leads to the invasion of Bacillus carolovorus which causes soft rot of onion.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Onion Thrips
Scientific Name:
Thrips tabaci
Family:
Thyripidae
Order:
Thysanoptera
Host Crop:
Onion, garlic, cotton, cabbage, cauliflower, potato, tobacco, tomato, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), brinjal, tea, pear, pine apple, chillies, tomato, radish, grapes
Distinguishing Characters:
Nymphs and adults are slender, fragile and yellowish in colour .
Adults have fringed wings heavily with fine hairs.
Description:

Adults and nymphs lacerate the epidermis of the leaf and lap the exuding sap.

The affected leaves show silvery white blotches which later become brownis. 

Bulbs remain undersized and get distorted, they transmit viruses.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rhizome scale
Scientific Name:
Aspidiella hartii
Family:
Diaspididae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Ginger , Turmeric
Distinguishing Characters:
• Female: scales are circular (about 1mm diameter) and light brown to gray and appear as encrustations on the rhizomes.
• Male is orange coloured with transparent wings, distinct head, thorax and abdomen
Description:

White coloured scales are seen scattered on rhizomes and later they congregate near the growing buds.

Rhizomes are severely infested, they become shriveled and desiccated affecting its germination.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cinnamon Butterfly
Scientific Name:
Chilasia clytia
Family:
Pappilionidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
wild species of cinnamon and other forest trees.
Distinguishing Characters:
Caterpillar Undergoes various changes of colour pattern.
The upper side of adult is rich velvety brown.
The upper side has marginal series of spots and terminal series of spots between the veins in forewings.
While the upper side bears a series of long arrow shaped streaks, yellow and white spots between the veins.
Description:

Early instars feed on the lamina of the freshly emerged leaves.

Later instars feed voraciously on leaves leaving only the mid ribs

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cotton Whitefly
Scientific Name:
Bemisia tabaci
Family:
Aleyrodidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Cotton, okra, cabbage, cauliflower, melons, potato, egg plant, coriander and several weed plants.
Distinguishing Characters:
Adult is a white tiny soft bodied insects with milky white wings and yellow body highly dusted with waxy powder.
Nymphs are oval, scale like and remain attached to the leaf surface.
Description:

Nymphs occurs on the under surface of the leaves and suck the sap.

Infested plant becomes stunted and covered with honey dew and sooty mould later.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Top shoot borer
Scientific Name:
Cydia hemidoxa
Family:
Tortricidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Pepper
Distinguishing Characters:
Eggs are colorless and small.
Larva greyish green, 12- 14 mm long
Adults are yellow coloured moths, tiny, forewing black with distal half red, hind wing greyish.
Description:

The caterpillars damage terminal shoots by boring into them.

Drying of terminal portions of the vines.

The pest infestation is higher during July-November when numerous new shoots are available on the vines.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Leaf Gall Thrips
Scientific Name:
Liothrips karnyi Bagnall
Family:
Phaleothripidae
Order:
Thysanoptera
Host Crop:
Pepper
Distinguishing Characters:
Eggs are laid in single within the marginal leaf folds or on the leaf surface.
Nymphs whitish and sluggish.
Adults with heavily fringed wings.
Description:

The thrips make marginal galls on leaves within which they live in colonies

  Rasp and suck the sap

Leaf tissue become thick, crinkled and brittle.

Causes the leaf margins to curl down and inwards resulting in the formation of marginal leaf galls.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Pollu Beetle
Scientific Name:
Longitarsus nigripennis
Family:
Chrysomelidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Black pepper
Distinguishing Characters:
Polu beetle is small, shining and brownish black flea beetle with stout legs.
Grubs are pale yellow
Description:

Larvae  feeds into irregular holes .

On mature leaves, the beetle scrapes the green matter leaving the layer of upper epidermis.

The adults feed on tender shoots, spikes and berries.

The infested shoots and spikes turn black and drop.

The grub on emergence bore into the berries, feed on the internal contents and make them hollow.

The infested berries turn yellow initially and then black and crumble when pressed.

The pest population is more severe in shaded areas.

During the period from January to April the adults do not breed but remain in the field feeding on older leaves.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rhizome Weevil
Scientific Name:
Prodioctes haematicus
Family:
Curculionidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
cardamom, Banana
Distinguishing Characters:
Eggs are laid in cavities made on rhizome. Egg period 8 -10 days
Grub: Larvae feed inside the rhizome, larval period 21 days. Pupate in the feeding tunnels
Pupa: pupal period 21 days. Adult is a brown weevil, 12 mm in length
Adult: is a brow weevil with 3 black lines on protonum live for 7 – 8 months.
Only one generation in a year.
Description:

  Grubs tunnel and feed on the rhizome causing death of entire clumps of cardamom.

There is drying of the leaves and breaking up of the stem at the base.

The pest becomes a serious menace in secondary nursery during November-January.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Shoot Fly
Scientific Name:
Formosina flavipes
Family:
Chlopidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Cardamom
Distinguishing Characters:
Eggs are cigar shaped and white colour and are laid in between leaf sheath and pseudostem on the top whorl singly or in rows of 4 - 5.
Description:

Larvae feed on the growing shoot of the young cardamom suckers.

Emerging maggots  feed the core tissue resulting in drying of the terminal leaf and cause dead heart symptoms.

Infestation is more on plants in open area; the pest activity starts during November and is at its peak in March-April.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Shoot, Panicle and Capsule borer
Scientific Name:
Dichocrocis punctiferalis
Family:
Pyralidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Castor, turmeric, guava, mulberry, cardamom etc
Distinguishing Characters:
Long, pale greenish with a pinkish colour dorsally
Medium sized moth (22-24 mm); the wings are pale yellowish with black spots on the wings.
Eggs are pink, oval, flat and laid singly or in groups on the tender part of the plant.
Larva: Long, pale greenish with a pinkish colour dorsally, head and pro-thoracic shield brown in colour and body covered with minute hairs.
Pupa: Pupation takes place in lose silken cocoon in larval tunnel.
Description:

The larva bores into the central core of the pseudostems resulting in the death of the central spindle causing “dead heart” symptom.

Larva feeds on seeds rendering them empty and prominent holes.

Early stage of the larva bores the unopened leaf buds and feeds on the leaf tissue.

They also bore the panicles leading to drying up of the portion from the affected spot

Feed on immature capsules and the young seeds inside rendering the capsules empty.

Late stage larvae bore the pseudostem and feed on the central core of the stem resulting in drying of the terminal leaf and thus produce characteristic ‘dead heart’ symptom.

Oozing out of frass material at the point of tunnelling is the indication for the presence of larva inside the plant parts.

The incidence of this pest is noticed throughout the year but they occur in enormous number in four periods, December-January, March-April, May-June and September-October and their abundance synchronizes with the panicle production, fruit formation and new tiller production.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Banana Aphid
Scientific Name:
Pentalonia nigronervosa
Family:
Aphididae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Banana, small and large cardamom, Colocasia sps. and Allocasia sps.
Distinguishing Characters:
Wingless aphid is dark brown.
Winged aphids have wings having prominent black veins.
Description:

Adults  suck up plant sap and act as a vector of the mosaic or 'Katte' virus of cardamom.

 Colonies of aphids are seen under concealed conditions inside leaf sheath. 

These colonies are also seen in upper leaf sheaths and lower flower bracts of the ginger stem. The entire inflorescence may be infested. Small colonies occasionally occur on the leaf blade.

Ants are associated with the banana aphid. The ants feed on the honeydew secreted by the aphid and, in turn, establish new aphid colonies and ward off natural enemies.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cardamom Whitefly
Scientific Name:
Dialeurodes cardamomi
Family:
Aleyrodidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Cardamom
Distinguishing Characters:
Adult is small soft bodied moth with two pairs of white wings.
Like insect covered with white waxy bloom.
Nymphs are pale greenish to greenish yellow in colour.
Eggs are cylindrical, pale yellow in colour when freshly laid and gradually turn brown.
Description:

Nymphs occurs on the under surface of the leaves and suck the sap.

Infested plant becomes stunted and covered with honey dew and sooty mould later interrupting photosynthesis of leaves.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cardamom Thrips
Scientific Name:
Sciothrips cardamomi
Family:
Thyripidae
Order:
Thysanoptera
Host Crop:
Cardamom, tea, grapevine, castor, cotton Prosopis juliflora, ginger and turmeric
Distinguishing Characters:
Thrips are minute (most are 1 mm long or less), slender with fringed wings and asymmetrical mouthparts.
Eggs are kidney shaped and lays singly in the tender part of leaf sheath , racemes
Description:

Lacerates all aerial parts and feed on oozing sap.

Infestation on panicle and flower buds results in stunted growth of panicles, shedding of flower buds and warty growth.

The infested capsules are light in weight, inferior in quality, known as “cardamom itch”.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cigarette Beetle
Scientific Name:
Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius
Family:
Anibiidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
cocoa, tobacco dried cassava, black and red pepper, ginger, turmeric, dried fruits and vegetables, chilli powder, spices
Distinguishing Characters:
Adult beetles are stout, oval, 2.0- 2.5 mm, light brown.
Head is bent down and barely visible from above which gives the rounded or humped appearances.
The elytra are smooth with very short hairs.
Description:

Grub causes the damage which made circular, pinhead sized bore holes.

The larvae are very active and move and bore into the commodity.

Females can lay 10- 100 eggs at a time, so can be very much severe quickly.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Jassid
Scientific Name:
Eurymela fenestrata Peletier & Serville
Family:
Cicadellidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Groundnut,cotton, cumin, soyabean
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults are Elongate, active, wedge shape, green insects.
The antennae is very short and ends with a bristle.
Description:

Nymphs and adults inject toxins resulting in whitening of veins and chlorotic patches.

Heavily attacked crop looks yellow and gives a scorched appearance known as 'hopper burn'.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Tobacco Caterpillar
Scientific Name:
Spodoptera litura Fabricius
Family:
Noctuidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Colocasia esculenta, cotton, flax, groundnuts, jute, lucerne, maize, rice, soyabeans, tea, tobacco, vegetables
Distinguishing Characters:
Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar):-forewings grey to reddish-brown with a strongly variegated pattern and paler lines along the veins.
caterpillar); larva hairless, variable in colour sides of body with dark and light longitudinal bands.

Description:

The species is polyphagous nocturnal moth.

Larvae feed gregariously, scraping the chlorophyll, leaving only midrib in extreme cases.

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Indianmeal Moth
Scientific Name:
Plodia Interpunctella
Family:
Pyralidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Stored grain products, seeds
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults are about 12.7 mm long with a wing forewings that are reddish brown with a copper sheen on the outer two thirds and gray on the inner third.
Description:

Very common household pest, feeding principally on stored food products.

The larvae are surface feeders, they spin massive amounts of silk that accumulate fecal pellets, cast skins, and egg shells in food products.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Saw Toothed Grain Beetle
Scientific Name:
Oryzaephilus Spp
Family:
Silvanidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
cereal products, dried fruit, dried meats, oilseeds, nuts, rice
Distinguishing Characters:
Forewings hard and leathery, hindwings membranous, sometimes lacking; biting mouthparts
Description:

Infestations arise from the presence of insects in the fabric of grain stores (including sacks), in grain being transferred from one establishment to another and in vehicles used for transportation.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Pepper Fruit Fly
Scientific Name:
Atherigona Orientalis
Family:
Muscidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Cabbage and, bell, orange, melon, tomato, beans and sorghum
Distinguishing Characters:
Color - orange to brown, except for postpronotal lobes and tip of scutellum (yellow).
Larvae are Body peg-like in shape, tapering anteriorly and bluntly rounded posteriorly.
Description:

This fly is highly polyphagous.

Larvae feed and develop on live and decaying plant material, feces, carrion and even the live larvae of other insects including the tobacco caterpillar.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Leafhopper
Scientific Name:
Pyrilla Perpusilla
Family:
Cicadellidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Cotton, alfalfa, rice, maize, beet, okra, brinjal
Distinguishing Characters:
Larvae have Soft, pale brown dorsally and pale orange ventrally
Straw coloured, head pointing forward in adults.
Description:

Leaves become yellow, covered with black sooty mould.

Top leaves get dried up and lateral buds germinate.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Weevil
Scientific Name:
Sitophilus Spp.
Family:
Curculionidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
All cereals and most crops
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults are around 2 mm long with a long snout with brown/black dark bodies, forewings hard and leathery.
Some weevils have the ability to fly, such as the rice weevil.
Larvae are C-shaped legless grubs.
Description:

Sacks are an important source of infestation.

Maize weevil will breed on maize in the field, but the Rice weevil only breeds in stored grain.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cotton Bollworm, Corn Earworm, Pod Borer
Scientific Name:
Helicoverpa Armigera
Family:
Noctuidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Cotton, maize, tobacco, tomato, pulses, gram
Distinguishing Characters:
Light pale brownish yellow stout moth.
Forewings are pale brown with a dark brown circular spot in the centre.
Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.
Description:

The cotton bollworm is a highly polyphagous species.

Larva feeds on silk and developing grains.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Grasshoppers
Scientific Name:
Melanoplus Spp.
Family:
Acrididae
Order:
Orthoptera
Host Crop:
Wheat , Maize , barley and many other crops
Distinguishing Characters:
Grasshoppers are brown to grayish-green jumping insects that are moderately long and have prominent heads and large compound eyes.
The front pair of wings are narrow, leathery, and thickened.
The hind pair are thin, broadly triangular, transparent.
Description:

Nymphs and adults will feed on corn in any plant growth stage.

They start eating the leaves, silks (may interfere with pollination), and ear tips.

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Corn Flea Beetles
Scientific Name:
Chaetocnema Pulicaria Melsheimer
Family:
Chrysomelidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
weeds, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sweet corn, small grains, and some vegetables
Distinguishing Characters:
Their size is quite small, oval-shaped, metallic black-blue in color , with orange legs and antennae.
The beetle has enlarged hind legs.
Description:

They feed on both sides of a leaf (upper and lower parts), including epidermis and the veins.

This feeding leaves gray to brown lines or "tracks" etched on the leaf surface.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cutworm
Scientific Name:
Agrotis Spp.
Family:
Noctuidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
corn, soybeans, and tobacco, fennel,they can damage a wide range of vegetable crops
Distinguishing Characters:
The bodies of cutworms are cylindrical and may vary in length from 3.2 to 38.1 mm depending on the species.
Often, 3 or 4 different sizes of cutworm will be noted.
Cutworms may lack any visible markings or may be distinctly marked with spots or stripes.
Color may range from black, gray, and brown to nearly white or translucent
Description:

The importance of a particular species of cutworm.

Some cause extensive crop damage, others are more like armyworms that climb the plant to feed on foliage.

Black cutworm is often considered as the most damaging cutworm species.

They cause holes chewed in leaves.

Leaf margins may appear ragged.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Early Shoot Borer
Scientific Name:
Chilo Infuscatellus
Family:
Pyralidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Sugarcane
Distinguishing Characters:
The adults are small pale greyish brown moths with black dots near the coastal margin of the forewings and with white hind wings.
They lay white flat eggs in clusters.
Larva is dirty white with five dark violet longitudinal stripes and dark brown head.
Description:

The caterpillars cause dead hearts in young plants.

The young plants can be pulled out easily.

The canes are damaged and rotten portion of the straw coloured shoot emits an offensive odour.

The central whorl of leaves dries up.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Corn Leaf Aphid
Scientific Name:
Rhopalosiphum Maidis (Fitch)
Family:
Aphididae
Order:
Homoptera
Host Crop:
Maize, also reported to occur on sorghum, wheat, and barley.
Distinguishing Characters:
Yellow, green in color with black antennae, dark legs and tailpipes.
The nymphs are wingless, adults with smaller size and underdeveloped antennae and tailpipes.
Description:

Corn leaf aphid acts as a vector of Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV).

It causes leaf mottling and discoloration; reddening of corn leaves exacerbated under drought stress.

The aphid also produce a sticky honeydew. Opportunistic sooty mold fungi  follow thereafter.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Wireworms (Click Beetle)
Scientific Name:
Agriotes Spp.
Family:
Elateridae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Potatoes, sugar beets, corn, lettuce, sunflower, canola and onions
Distinguishing Characters:
Wireworms look wiry with conspicuous segments, anywhere between 0.23-1.5 in. (6-38 mm) and yellowish brown in color.
The adult click beetles have two characteristic rear-facing pointed corners of pronotum.
Description:

Female click beetles deposit their eggs in the soil of grassy or cultivated areas, reduce germination rate by feeding on germinating seed , damaging or eliminating a potential plant.

Wireworms may also injure corn by feeding on soft stem and root tissues underground.

Photo of Insect:
White Grubs
Scientific Name:
Phullophaga Rugosa
Family:
Scarbidae
Order:
Coleopteran
Host Crop:
Maize, Grass
Distinguishing Characters:
White grubs are white to cream-colored, C-shaped with brown sclerotized head and shiny transparent tail section.
Beetles are brownish, heavy bodied.
Description:

White grubs live underground and feed on plant roots.

While larval damage is typically associated with feeding on corn roots.

Feeding may cause stunting, nutritional deficiencies and stand loss.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Maize Stem / Shoot Borer
Scientific Name:
Chilo Partellus
Family:
Pyralidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Maize, sorghum, sugarcane, ragi and bajra
Distinguishing Characters:
Bodies are yellowish brown with straw coloured wings with marks, hairy hindwings.
Yellowish brown with a brown head in larvae.
Description:

Leads to dead heart.

Larvae bore holes visible on the stem near the nodes.

They cause causing typical “shot hole” symptom.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Stem Fly
Scientific Name:
Atherigona Orientalis
Family:
Agromyzidae
Order:
Diptera
Host Crop:
Maize , Wheat , Millet, Grass
Distinguishing Characters:
Small grey coloured fly.
Larvae are small, pale yellow tapeing towards head
Description:

It affects the maize plants at the seedling stage and leads to drying of the seedlings or ‘dead heart’.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Brown Plant Hopper
Scientific Name:
Nilaparvata Lugens
Family:
Delphacidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Rice, Sugarcane, Grasses
Distinguishing Characters:
Newly hatched nymphs are cottony white, and turn purple brown.
The brownish adults with brown eyes are 3.5-4.5 mm in length. Their legs are light brown and the tarsal claw are black. The wings are hyaline with brown marking and dark vein. The nymphs are browinsh black in color and have grayish blue eyes.
Description:

Life cycle

The adult remain most active from 10-32°C. The females start laying eggs within 3-10 days of their emergence and deposit eggs in masses by lacerating the parenchymal tissue. The number of egg per mass varies from 2-11 and female lays on an average 124 egg masses. The eggs are somewhat dark and cylindrical having two distinct spots. The incubation period ranges between 4 to 8 days. The nymphs on emergence start feeding on young leaves and after moulting 5 times, they become adults in 2-3 weeks. The life cycle is completed in 18-24 days during June- October, 38-44 days during February to April.

Damage

Both nymph and adults cause damage by sucking the cell sap from the leaves which turn yellow. If insects attacks during early stage of growth, the entire plant may dry up. A heavy infestation produce the symptoms of Hopper Burn i.e leaves become dry and brown after insect feeding and patches of the burned plants are often lodged. It has been noticed that even at the low infestation the tillering is adversely affected and there diminished vigor and decreases in plant height. Under the favorable condition of high humidity, optimum temperature, high nitrogen application and no wind, the population increases rapidly and hopper burn is observed The insect is known to transmit the grassy stunt, ragged stunt and wilted stunt virus disease of rice.

Management

  • Avoid closer spacing of planting
  • Alternate drying and wetting the fields during peak infestation and draining out the standing water from the field 2-3 times.
  • Alleys of 30 cm wide after 3 meters of rice planting provide proper aeration to the crop which help in reducing the pest multiplication.
  • Grow resistant variety IR26, IR36, IR56, IR64 and IR72
  • Spray, at economic threshold of 5-10 insects per hill, 100-125ml of imidachloropid 17.8 SL in 500-700 liter of water/ha or 2000g of Carbaryl 50WP in 500-1000liters of water/ha and repeat if the hopper population is persistant.
  • 1.5 liter of Quinalphos 25EC or 1.0-1.5 liter of Chloropyriphos 20EC in 500-1000 liter of water/ha.
  • Excessive use of urea as nitrogen fertilizer can lead to outbreaks.
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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Green Semilooper
Scientific Name:
Argyrogramma Signata
Family:
Noctuidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Rice, Cruciferae species, legumes, tobacco, millet
Distinguishing Characters:
Head, thorax and fore wings are pale reddish brown, abdomen pale.
Fore wings with a copper tinge.
There are some black specks beyond the sub-basal line.
The tail of the "Y-mark" detached from the arms.
Description:

They are abundant during the rainy season.

The adult moths hide at the base of the plants in rice fields or in grassy areas during daytime and are active at night.

They cause scraped leaves.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rice Caseworm
Scientific Name:
Nymphula Depunctalis
Family:
Pyralidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults are small fragile moth with a wing expansion of 16 mm.
The wings have white speckled.
Caterpillars can respire in aquatic media.
Description:

The larva feeds on the foliage by scrapping chlorophyll leaving horizontal rows of green material. 

The leaf tips are sharply cut off and the cut portions are turned into cylindrical tubes.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rice Skipper
Scientific Name:
Pelopidas Mathias
Family:
Hesperidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
Male on Upperside - olive brown: forewing with two small yellowish semi-transparent spots within end of cell, three before the apex.
Female with five discal spots in the forewing, and four or five in the hindwing
Description:

Rice skipper feeding damage causes removal of leaf tissues.

They roll leaves and make a protected chamber.

They also use silken threads to roll up and stitch together partially eaten leaves.

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Photo of Damaged Crop:
Mealybug
Scientific Name:
Brevennia Rehi
Family:
Coccoidea
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Paddy
Distinguishing Characters:
Nymphs and adults being wingless look alike.
Females are reddish, oval, soft-bodied.
Males are small, slender, pale-yellow, having single pair of wings and a style like process at the end of the abdomen but lack mouthparts.
Description:

They  stay between the leaf sheath and stem to feed and complete their entire larval development.

They cause white waxy fluff in leaf sheaths.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Green Leaf Hoppers (GLH)
Scientific Name:
Nephotettix Malayanus and Nephotettix Virescens
Family:
Cicadellinae
Order:
Homoptera
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
Wings are spotted with black and the end have black stain only in males.
They have green bodies
Description:

Staggered planting  and heavy nitrogen supply encourages population growth.

They spread the viral disease tungro.

They lead to yellowing disease and reduced number of productive tillers.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Yellow Stem Borer
Scientific Name:
Scirpophaga Incertulas
Family:
Crambidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
Adult males are smaller than the females.
Males are light brownish and spotted in the ridges with the veins slightly streaked with fuscous.
Females have bright yellowish brown spotted forewings. Ends of abdomen yellow hairy.
Description:

Instars bore into the leaf sheath and causing longitudinal yellowish-white patches.

Severe feeding causes deadhearts at the vegetative stages and whiteheads at the reproductive stages.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rice Gall Midge
Scientific Name:
Orseolia Oryzae
Family:
Crambidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
Fully grown aphids are 1.2 - 2.2 mm long and dark green to grey-brown in colour.
Nymphs are lighter in colour with a reddish area at the tip of the abdomen.
They remain dormant in the pupal stage
Description:

Irritate the tissues of the rice plant forming tubular gall at the base of tillers, causing onion leaf or silver shoot.

This is a pale cylindrical, hollow tube with a green tip replacing the normal culm.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rice Hispa (खपटे कीरा)
Scientific Name:
Dicladispa Armigera
Family:
Chrysomelidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
Have long, well-developed spines on prothorax and elytra; four strong spines project from metanotum.
Forewing (elytra) contains a row of ten spines along lateral margins and nine dorsolateral spines.
Description:

Scrapes the upper surface of leaf blades leaving only the lower epidermis.

It also tunnels through the leaf tissues.

Causes withering of damaged, whitish and membranous leaves.

The eggs are found on the tip of leaf blades.

Both the adult and the larvae destroy the crops.

Effects every life stage of crops, especially effects the vegetative stage of the crop , generally in water stagnant field.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rice Leaffolder
Scientific Name:
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
Family:
Crambidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
Young larvae are yellowish green, feeding on the base of the youngest unopened leaves.
Adults: yellowish brown with two streaks on wings
Description:

They bind together leaf margins with silken strands,

Then, feed creating longitudinal white and transparent streaks.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rice Aphid
Scientific Name:
Rhopalosiphum Pad
Family:
Aphididae
Order:
Homoptera
Host Crop:
Rice, oats, barley, millet, wheat, eggplant, marrow, cotton, tobacco, potato, tomato and sugarcane
Distinguishing Characters:
Fully grown aphids are 1.2 - 2.2 mm long and dark green to grey-brown in colour.
Nymphs are lighter in colour with a reddish area at the tip of the abdomen
Description:

Adult and nymph root aphids suck the plant to remove the fluids.

The feeding damage causes the yellowing of leaves and stunting.

Rice root aphids are dominant in well drained soils in upland and rainfed rice.

They are not present in irrigated rice.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rice Gundhi Bug / Rice Bugs
Scientific Name:
Leptocorisa Acuta
Family:
Coreidae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
Brownish green, slender bodies with black stripes, dark brown parts in antennae.
17.5 mm long
Description:

Adults suck the milk from the developing grains and stem,

Discoloration and presence of some empty or ill filled grains.

Infested paddy straw contains foul smell

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Red Cotton Bug
Scientific Name:
Dysdercus Koenigii
Family:
Pyrrhocoridae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Wheat, maize , cotton, okra
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults are red but has a white collar and three black spots.
Nymphs are orange/red, shiny
Description:

Feed on immature cotton balls and on the developing and ripening seed.

Cottony yellowish below the part which bug sucks

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Army Worm
Scientific Name:
Mythimna Separata
Family:
Noctuidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Maize, wheat , jowar , bajra , sugarcane
Distinguishing Characters:
Adults: pale brown
Eggs: pale, light green turns brown, black
Larvae: veracious, dull-white, green
Description:

Causes naked (skeletonize), cut crops .

Maximum infestation at rise of spring.

Also damage inflorescence, ears, grains

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Seed Bed Beetle
Scientific Name:
Heteronychus lioderens
Family:
Scarabidae
Order:
Coleoptera
Host Crop:
Wheat , Sugarcane , Maize
Distinguishing Characters:
Large black, shiny bodies.
Length:15 mm ,Breadth: 7 mm
Larvae head is brown with white bodies
Description:

Causes drying of plants with damaged underground stem and easily pulled by hand.

Controlled by red ants

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Pink Borer
Scientific Name:
Sesamia Inferens
Family:
Noctuidae
Order:
Lepidoptera
Host Crop:
Maize, Rice, Sorghum, Ragi, Sugarcane, wild grasses
Distinguishing Characters:
Larvae pinkish.
Smooth cylindrical body about 25 mm ,
Moth: straw coloured with stout body
Description:

Damage in rice are dead heart in young plants and white ear.

In sorghum and maize, dead heart symptom with central shoot drying up, red mining in the midribs, windows in the leaves , shot holes on the whorl leaves and boreholes at the base of stem

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Termites (धमिरा)
Scientific Name:
Odonotermus Obesus / Microtermes Obsi
Family:
Termitidae
Order:
Isoptera
Host Crop:
Wheat, Maize, Sugarcane, Vegetables, Fruits
Distinguishing Characters:
Delicate white bodies with light brown head,
3-6 mm long,
Workers: round, oval head
Soldiers: larger head with strong mandibles
Description:

Hollow main primary root beneath the soil filled with soil,

tunnels found along the shoot filled with soil,

Causes wilting

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Aphids (लाही किरा)
Scientific Name:
Sitobion avenae / Schizaphus graminum / Microsiphium acanae
Family:
Aphididae
Order:
Hemiptera
Host Crop:
Wheat , Barley
Distinguishing Characters:
Light greenish exists in different stages, viz., winged (alates), wingless (apterous) sexual and asexual forms
Description:

Infestation usually occurs during second fortnight of January till crop maturity.

Cause yellowing of leaves (because of excessive sap removal), dwarfing , with red spots.

"Honeydew " is the large amount of sugary liquid wastes produced by aphids.

Fungus called sooty mold grow on honeydew turning leaves and branches black (this may be the first time aphid infestation noticed)

Lady beetles and lacewings are natural enemies of aphids.

Photo of Insect:
Photo of Damaged Crop:

Plant Diseases Catalogue

Common scab
Scientific Name:
Streptomyces scabies
Host Crop:
potato
Distinguishing Characters:
• Raised or sunken spots or wounds in the surface of tuber.
Description:

·         Destroy infected tubers.

·         Controlled irrigation combined with Sulphur treatment.

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Cercospora
Scientific Name:
Cercospora capsici
Host Crop:
Chilly
Distinguishing Characters:
• Small, brown, circular necrotic lesions on leaf with whitish raised centre.
Description:

·         Use healthy plant seeds.

·         Spray 5-6 times Carbendazim(0.1%) or mancozeb fortnightly.

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Anthracnose of chilly
Scientific Name:
Colletotrichum capsici
Host Crop:
chilly
Distinguishing Characters:
• Tender twigs become necrotic from tip downward(Die back).
• Circular sunken lesions.
• Concentric marks with dark acervuli in advanced stage.(Fruit rot)
Description:

·         Azotobacte spp as bio-control agents.

·         Seed treatment with Thiram.

·         Spray blitox50, Mancozeb(0.25%) at 10-15 days interval.

RV: 

·         Lorai

·         B7

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Root knot nematode
Scientific Name:
Meloidogyne arenari
Host Crop:
Tomato, Brinjal, Chilly
Distinguishing Characters:
• Above ground symptoms look like nutritional deficiency.
• Infected roots that forms the gall.
Description:

·         Intercrop with marigold.

·         Deep summer ploughing

resistance varieties:

·         Pusa ruby (Tomato)

·         Pusa purple long (Brinjal)

.

·          

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Leaf curl
Scientific Name:
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
Host Crop:
Tomato, Potato
Distinguishing Characters:
• Upward cupping/curling of leaves
• severe stunting
• Reduction of leaf size
Description:

·         Only preventive.

·         Control of vector(Bemesia tabaci) is a most effective measure.

Photo of Damaged Crop:
Tomato mosaic
Scientific Name:
Tomato mosaic virus(Tobamovirus)
Host Crop:
Tomato
Distinguishing Characters:
• Light and dark green mottled areas will appear on the leaves
• Stunted growth
• Fruit deformities
Description:

·         Only prevention

·         Sanitation

Photo of Damaged Crop:
Potato mosaic
Scientific Name:
Potato virus Y
Host Crop:
Potato
Distinguishing Characters:
• Light and dark green mottled areas will appear on the leaves
• Stunted growth
Description:

·         Only prevention

·         Sanitation

Photo of Damaged Crop:
Late blight of potato
Scientific Name:
Phytopthora infestans
Host Crop:
Potato, Tomato
Distinguishing Characters:
Black/brown lesions on leaves and stems that may be small at first and appear water-soaked or have chlorotic borders, but soon expand rapidly and become necrotic.
Description:

·         Sprinkle irrigation to avoid foliar infection

·         Sorting out diseased parts

·         Foliar apraying of Metaxyl + Mancozeb

Resistamce varieties:

·         Khumal rato-2

·         Khumal Seto-1

·         Janakdev of potato

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Black heart of potato
Host Crop:
Potato
Distinguishing Characters:
Center of the affected tissue is dark grey to black (necrosis) in color.

Description:

·         Proper irrigation

·         Ventilation

·         Limestone application

Photo of Damaged Crop:
Brown spot of rice(khairo thople)
Scientific Name:
Bipolaris oryzae
Family:
Pleosporaceae
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
*Brown,small ,circular or oval spots appears on the coleptiles of leaves, leaf sheath and glumes.
*Spots vary in sizes from minute dots to circular , eyes shaped or oval lesion measuring 1-14×0.5-3mm
Description:

*Treatment of seed with bavistim @2-3 gm/kg seeds..

*Mixing Menkozeb 75% wp (Dithene M-45)3gm/litre or propineb 70%wp(Antracol,KiAntra,Antragold)3gm/litre of water and spraying at 15 days interval for 3 time.

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Bacterial leaf blight
Scientific Name:
Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae
Family:
Xanthomonadaceae
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
*Linear yellow to straw coloured stripes with waxy margins generally on both edges of the leaf on one edge.
Description:

*use balanced amount of plant nutrient ,especially nitrogen.

*Use resistance varieties like( radha 4,7,11,12,,swarna 2,9,,sukkha 1,2)

*Treatment of seed with agromycine -100@0.25gm/litre of water for 30 min.

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rice blast or rotten neck of rice
Scientific Name:
Pyricularia oryzae (Perfect stage- Magnaporthe grisea)
Family:
Magnaporthaceae/Pyriculariaceae
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
-Symptoms may occur in any parts of the plant above ground like in leaf, leaf sheath, culm, panicle, glumes.
- First symptoms appear on the leaf.
- Initially, pin head size spots occur in the leaf lamina (color of these spot is light brown).
- in the later stage, the spots become circular, oval or elongated.
- Different races of the pathogen are seen in different region for example the blast spots in surkhet are much different than that in chitwan. (in surkhet very large spots are seen)

- In culm, symptoms are different.
- Brown to black lesions are found. Sometimes those lesions completely encircle the culm. If such ring formation is in earlier stage, grains are not filled only the chaffy (Vus) grains are formed. If such ring formation is in later stage, panicle hang down and even break and fall off.
- In glumes also the black lesions are found. In those lesions sometimes ash colored fungus growth is noticed where spores are also found.
- The color of circular spots sometimes changes to bluish. That is due to conidia formation. In such spots heavy sporulation occurs.
Description:

Management

  • Development of resistant varieties: Sabitri and makwanpur-1 are the most common resistant varieties against blast.
  • Agronomic practices:
    • Planting time/ date: Early planting ( 7-10 days before regular) helps in minimizing the blast.
    • Planting density: Thin planting will reduce the disease as high density increases humidity which is favorable for the pathogen. ( more than 90% humidity is required by pathogen to thrive and multiply)
    • Nutrient management: High Nitrogen application increases the disease infestation whereas high Potassium increases the resistancy.
  • Silicon, if present in the rice leaf resist the disease. So, the plants in wet nursery suffer much less blast attack than that of dry nursery as silicon is absorbed only in the wet condition.
  • Direct control by fungicide application:
    • Non-systemic fungicide: Diethane M45 can control the blast  but easily is washed off by rain.
    • Systemic fungicide: Hinosan @ 0.1% for spray
  • Biological control:
    • Fungi: Trichoderma harzianum
    • Bacteria: Pseudomonas fluorescens
    • Pseudomonas works more effectively is isolated and multiplied from the same locality.
    • Practically, Biocontrol is not impressive as we cannot maintain the ideal conditions for action of biological agents.(as we cannot manipulate the micro climatic condition around the crops)
Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Southern leaf blight of maize
Scientific Name:
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
Family:
Pleosporaceae
Host Crop:
Maize
Distinguishing Characters:
Lesions are generally from 1l8 to 1l4 wide by 1l8 to 1 inch long, tan in color , rectangular to oblong shape usually on leaves. Lesions usually develop first on lower leaves and work up the plant.
Description:

Caused by cochliobolus heterstrophus

Management: crop rotation, Tillage and fungicide application

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Bakane disease or "foolish seedlings" of rice
Scientific Name:
Gibberella fujikuroi
Family:
Nectriaceae
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
*Infected plants are abnormally tall with pale thin leaves , produce fewer tiller and produce only partially filled or emty grains.
*Seedlings has lessions on roots and can die before transplanting immediately after.
Description:

Seedborne fungal disease..

Use clean seeds.

Apply fungicide containing benomyl.Avoid repeated application of benomyl since the fungus can develop resistance to treatment

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Northern leaf blight of maize
Scientific Name:
Setosphaeria turcica
Family:
Pleosporaceae
Host Crop:
Maize, Sorghum and wild grasses
Distinguishing Characters:
Early characters-The early corn leaf blight are grey to green and elliptical, beginning 1 to 2 weeks after infection.
Fully developed characters-Northern leaf blight lesions become pale gray to tan as they enlarge to 1 to 6 inches or longer. Distinct cigar shaped lesions unrestricted by leaf veins make northern corn leaf blight. Under moist conditions, lesions produce dark gray spores, usually on the lower leaf surface giving the lesions a dirty appearace. As many lesions enlarge and coalescence give leaves a grey appearance.
Description:

It is caused by Exserohilum turcicum. Infection occurs when free water is present in the leaf surface for 6 to 18 hours and temperature of 65 to 80F.

Resistance variety:manakamana -1

Management-crop rotation, tillage and fungicides applications 

 

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Leaf smut of rice
Scientific Name:
Entyloma oryzae
Family:
Entylomataceae
Host Crop:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
*Appears distinct , not confluent,leadn-black spots on leaves.
*The spots are linear , rectangular angular elliptical and measures 0.5-2.0×0.5-1.5mm.
Description:

*Leaf smut ,caused by fungus Entyloma oryzae is a widely distributed ,but somewhat minor,disease of rice.

*The fungus produces slightly raised,angular ,black spots(sori)on both sides of leaves.

*The fungus is spread by airborne spores and over - winters on diseased leaf debris in soil.leaf smut occurs late in the growing season and causes little loss.The disease is favoured by high nitrogen rates.

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Club root
Scientific Name:
Plasmodiophora brassicae
Host Crop:
Crucifers
Distinguishing Characters:
The root becomes club shaped and plant body above surface appears normal. These roots later decay.
Description:

·         Spray benomyl 50% wp @ 0.5ml/litre drenching the soil

·         Maintain the pH level of soil above 7.2

·         Flusulphmide 0.3% wp 10-15 kg per ropani or 3 gram per plant, 3 kg per 10 m2 in nursery bed

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Turnip Mosaic
Scientific Name:
Turnip Mosaic virus
Host Crop:
crucifers
Distinguishing Characters:
Dark and light green patches are seen on leaf surface and dark patches slightly rise up
Description:

·         Affected plants are burnt

·         Aphids are destroyed

·         Red varieties of Mustard are more resistant

 

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Downey mildew
Scientific Name:
Peronospora parasitica
Host Crop:
Crucifers
Distinguishing Characters:
Reddish spot appears on upper leaf surface, and white fungal growth on lower surface. Disease appears frequently in nursery plants.
Peduncles too become black.
Description:

·         Seed treatment with 50% wp carbendazim

·         Avoid crowding in nursery plants

·         Mancozeb 75% wp spray @ 3gm/litre

 

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Black rot
Scientific Name:
Xanthomonas campestris
Host Crop:
Crucifers Crucifers
Distinguishing Characters:
Symptom appears as yellowing starting from leaf margin and later appears ‘V’- shaped.
Later, leaf veins turn black, reaches stem and plant decays.
Description:

·         Crop rotation with crops of other family

·         Eradication of diseased plants from field

 

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Sclerotinia rot
Scientific Name:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. minor, S. trifolium
Host Crop:
Crucifers
Distinguishing Characters:
Stem near soil surface decays, white cottony appearance is seen, wilting occurs during flowering. Stem color becomes white and dry. Black dots appear inside stem.
Description:

·         Diseased stems are burnt

·         Water is kept standing for 3 weeks to 1 month before planting crops in affected field

·         Crop rotation with rice

Deep ploughing

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Alternaria thople (Alternaria leaf spot)
Scientific Name:
Alternaria solani
Host Crop:
Crucifers
Distinguishing Characters:
Small black or brown circular dots appear on leaves at first. Later, stem and pods are affected.
Description:

·         Affected  plant parts are collected and burnt

·         Mancozeb 75% wp @ 3gm/kg seed

·         Mancozeb 75% wp / spray copper oxychloride 50% wp 3gm/litre

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Soyabean mosaic
Scientific Name:
SMV
Host Crop:
Soyabean
Distinguishing Characters:
Margin of affected leaves curls downward, veins develop into raised puffs.
Infected seeds give mottled and curled downward primary leaves.
Seeds malformed, glabrous and reduced in number.
Description:

Use of certified seeds.

Early sowing of seeds

Mineral oil followed by pyrethroid.

Resistance varieties.

Photo of Damaged Crop:
Bean common mosaic
Scientific Name:
BCMV
Host Crop:
Bean
Distinguishing Characters:
Leaf rolling or blistering, light and dark green patches on leaf, chlorotic vein.
Mottling and malformation of leaves.
Black root resulted by systematic necrosis in vascular system.
Description:

Use of certified seeds.

Intercropping with maize.

Aphid control by metasystox.

Early planting to insect high insect populations

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Wilt of chickpea
Scientific Name:
Fusarium oxysporum
Host Crop:
Chickpea
Distinguishing Characters:
Lower leaves grayish green chlorosis
Leaf vein clearing
Necrosis and discolouration in collar region.
Description:

Deep plough, balanced potash and zinc application.

B. subtilis

Biocare-F

Bavistin 0.1%

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Anthracnose of bean
Scientific Name:
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Host Crop:
Bean
Distinguishing Characters:
Small dark brown lessions on cotyledon leaves.
Minute brown rusty specks, later on angular black sunken craters on pods.
Description:

Avoid sprinkler irrigation.

Seed treatment captan 50% WP

Blitox 50% or mancozeb 75% WP 3gm/litre spray

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Rust of pea (Sindhure rog)
Scientific Name:
Uromyces pisi
Host Crop:
Pea
Distinguishing Characters:
Yellow spots initially turns brown, bursts. Pustules seen on pods.
Uredial stage conspicuous covers whole areal parts.
Leaves fall off.
Description:

Destruction of diseased plants debris after harvest.

In seedlings 2:1 lime:neem dust

Sulphur 80% WP, Mancozeb (0.2%)

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:
Powdery mildew of pea (kharane)
Scientific Name:
Erisiphe pisi
Host Crop:
Pea
Distinguishing Characters:
Appearance of white powdery substance on the leaves.
More patches on both sides of leaves, tendrils, pods and stem and covers with white floury patches.
Necrosis, shrivel
Description:

Burn plant debris and clean cultivation.

2:1 mixture lime and neem dust spray.

Sulphur dust 25kg/ha or karathene 2%

Carbendazim 50% WP

Resistance varities

Rachana

PM-2

Photo of Pathogen:
Photo of Damaged Crop:

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Catalogue

Timur / Toothache tree
Scientific Name:
Zanthoxylum armatum
Distinguishing Characters:
Short, leaves are usually pinnate, leaflet 2-6 pairs, petiolate and rachis winged. Flowers yellow in color, fruits ovoid, pale red, seeds oval and dark.
Description:

Parts used: Bark,carpels, carpels of fruits, seeds

Medicinal use: Carminative, stomachache, anti rheumatic, tonic, hepatitis.

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
White turmeric
Scientific Name:
Curcuma zedoaria
Family:
Zingiberaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
It has spots such as bulbs and tubers. Ginger has a creamy color to light yellow. The smell of fresh white turmeric is almost like a mango kweni.
Description:

Parts used: Rhizome

Medicinal use: Inhibit cancer cell growth, anti itching, antipyretics, useful as antidote, laxative

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Thulo okhati / Budo okhati
Scientific Name:
Astilbe rivularis
Family:
Saxifragaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
They are rhizomatous flowering plant, large, fern like foliage and dense feathery plumes of flowers.
Description:

Parts used: Rhizome

Medicinal uses: Used as tonic, powder of rhizome are administered during pre and post pregnancy period.

Rosemary
Scientific Name:
Rosmarinus officinalis
Family:
Lami
Distinguishing Characters:
Woody, perrenial herb, needle like leaves, white, pink, purple, blue flowers.
Description:

Parts used: Leaves, twigs, flowering apices.

Medicinal uses: For muscle pain, improve memory, to boost immune, circulatory system, promote hair growth.

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Yarsa Gumba
Scientific Name:
Cordyceps sinensis
Family:
Claviciptaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
It is an unique caterpillar-fungus fusion.
Description:

Parts used: whole plant

Medicinal uses: Tonic aphrodisiac, cardiactonics, expectorant, hypertension,acute and chronic hepatitis.

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Basil
Scientific Name:
Ocimum basilicum
Family:
Lamiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
They have shiny, oval leaves,stems are tough and square in profile, produce spikes of white flowers.
Description:

parts used: Stem, leaves

Medicinal uses: Fix stomach spasms, loss of appetite, intestinal gas, kidney condition, head cold, warts. Also has aromatic uses.

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Bihi, Quince
Scientific Name:
Cydonia oblonga
Family:
Rosaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Its seed contain 20% mucilage, 15% fatty oils; it is a pome fruit with bright golden yellow when mature.
Description:

Parts used: Fruit, seeds, bark

Medicinal use: Bark used as astringent, treatment of ulcers, laxative.

 

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Vyakur / Kukurtarul / Gittha
Scientific Name:
Dioscorea bulbifera
Family:
Dioscoreaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
These are perennial vines. Petioled leaves, heart shaped, flowers arise from nodes in clusters, green yellow in color.
Description:

Parts used: Tuber, fruit

Uses: used in hemoptysis, epitaxis, pharyngitis, goitre, sprains and injuries.

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Buddha Chitta
Scientific Name:
Ziziphus budhensis
Family:
Rhamnacecae
Distinguishing Characters:
The tree grows very long, it is dimorphic.
the seeds are light brown skin in colour and have grip like texture.
Description:

Parts used: Seed, leaves

Uses: Buddha chitta is used to make people happy to protect people from suffering and diseases.

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Ginger
Scientific Name:
Zingiber officinale
Family:
Zingiberaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Rhizome of distinct smell and leaves of soothing odour.
Description:

Parts used: rhizome

Uses: Flavoring agent

 

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Bhut kesh
Scientific Name:
Selinum tenuifolium
Family:
Lamiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The delicate basal leaves are thin (hence the specific name tenuifolium - 'thin-leaved') and finely divided, giving them a fern-like appearance.
Description:

parts used: Leaves and fruits

uses: Aromatic leaves and carminative

 

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Siltimbur
Scientific Name:
Lindera neesiana
Family:
Lauraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The flowers are from greenish to white, greenish-yellow, or yellowish, with six tepals arranged in a star shape.
Lindera fruit have a hypocarpium at the base of the fruit, which in some cases forms cup that encloses the bottom part of the fruit.
The fruit is a small red, purple or black drupe containing a single seed, dispersed mostly by birds.
Many species reproduce vegetatively by stolons.
Description:

parts used: bark and fruits

Uses: Aromatic and carminative

Urila
Scientific Name:
Hypericum patulum
Family:
Hypericeae
Distinguishing Characters:
Large yellow flowers
Description:

parts used:Seeds

Uses: Seeds as aromatic agent and stimulant

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Sounp
Scientific Name:
Foeniculum vulgarae
Family:
Apiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
It is a highly aromatic and flavorful herb with culinary and medicinal uses and, along with the similar-tasting anise, is one of the primary ingredients of absinthe.

Florence fennel or finocchio is a selection with a swollen, bulb-like stem base that is used as a vegetable.
Description:

Parts used: Leaves, tender shoots, fruits

Uses: Used as a flavoring agent in foods, curries and salads

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Tarragon
Scientific Name:
Artemesia dracunculus
Family:
Asteraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
French tarragon is the variety used for cooking in the kitchen and is not grown from seed, as the flowers are sterile; instead it is propagated by root division.
Description:

parts used: frozen, dry or fresh leaves

uses: flavor similar to anise and used for bringing soothing smell to culinary purposes.

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Dill
Scientific Name:
Anethum graveolens
Family:
Apiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The seeds are 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1 mm (0.04 in) thick, and straight to slightly curved with a longitudinally ridged surface.
Description:

parts used: dry and fresh leaves, seeds and stems

uses: flavor similar to fennel used in culinary purpose for brining distinct aroma

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Coriander
Scientific Name:
Coriandrum sativum
Family:
Apiaceaea
Distinguishing Characters:
Most people perceive the taste of coriander leaves as a tart, lemon/lime taste, but a smaller group, of about 4–14% of people tested, think the leaves taste like bath soap, as linked to a gene which detects aldehyde chemicals also present in soap
Description:

parts used: ground seeds and fresh leaves

uses: aroma in culinary purposes, waxy and somewhat orange complex

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Cloves
Scientific Name:
Cariophylus aromaticus
Family:
Lauraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The flower buds initially have a pale hue, gradually turn green, then transition to a bright red when ready for harvest.
Description:

parts used: immature flower

uses: intense aroma and flavor in foods

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Onion
Scientific Name:
Allium cepa
Family:
Amaryllidaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Sulpur containing compounds make the bulb pungent upon cutting.
Pink or white bulbed leaf stalk smell is some what soothing.
Description:

parts used: bulbs and shoots

Uses: sharp flavor in culinary purposes

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Saffron
Scientific Name:
Crocus sativus
Family:
Iridiaceaea
Distinguishing Characters:
The vivid crimson stigmas and styles, called threads, are collected and dried to be used mainly as a seasoning and colouring agent in food.
Description:

parts used: stigmata

uses: aroma strong and sweet flavor, colouring yellow

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Anise
Scientific Name:
Pimpinella anisum
Family:
Apiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Its flavor has similarities with some other spices, such as star anise, fennel, and liquorice.
Description:

parts used: fruits and fresh leaves

Uses: for aromatic and sweet flavor

 

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Garlic
Scientific Name:
Allium sativum
Family:
Amaryllidaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Cloves of distinct odour and the leafy stalk also of distinct smell.
Description:

Parts used: fresh or dry bulb and dehydrated shoots

Uses: For sharp flavor and intense aroma

           Used for treating gastritis. 

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Kantakari
Scientific Name:
Solanum xanthocarpum
Family:
Solanaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
sharp and prickly branches that are densely covered with rather minute star shaped hair.

Yellow colored spiny prickles, sparsely hairy egg shaped leaves.

Purple colored flower and round fruits.
Description:

Parts used:Whole plant, fruit and seeds

medicinal use: diuretic, inflammatory, appetiser, stomachic

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Dal Cheeni
Scientific Name:
Cinnamomum zeylancium
Family:
Lauraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The plant leaves bear unique venation, a parallel one.

The bark tastes somewhat sweet.
Description:

parts used: bark and oil

medicinal uses: bronchitis, asthma, cardiac, disorder, fever

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Neem
Scientific Name:
Azadirachta indica
Family:
Meliaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The leaves when tasted produces thrilling amusement and with a thrilling smell as well.
Description:

parts used: Rhizome and leaves

medicinal use: sedative, analgesic, epilepsy and hypersensitivity

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Barro
Scientific Name:
Terminalia bellerica
Family:
Combretaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Terminalia bellirica, known as bahera or beleric or bastard myrobalan.

This tree, in Sanskrit Vibhita and Vibhitaka (fearless), is avoided by the Hindus of Northern India, who will not sit in its shade, as it is supposed to be inhabited by demons.
Description:

parts used: seeds, bark

medicinal uses: Cough, insomnia, dropsy, vomiting, ulcer and used as Trifala

 

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Harro
Scientific Name:
Terminalia chebula
Family:
Combretaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Terminalia chebula, commonly known as black- or chebulic myrobalan.

The dull white to yellow flowers are monoecious, and have a strong, unpleasant odour.

The fruits are smooth ellipsoid to ovoid drupes, yellow to orange-brown in colour, with a single angled stone.
Description:

parts used: Seeds

medicinal (other) uses: (Trifala) wound ulcer, leprosy, inflammation and cough.

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Periwinkle (Sadhabahar)
Scientific Name:
Catharanthus roseus
Family:
Apocynaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Periwinkle is a color in the blue and violet family. Its name is derived from the lesser periwinkle or myrtle herb (Vinca minor) which bears flowers of the same color.

The color periwinkle is also called lavender blue.

The color periwinkle may be considered a pale tint of blue or a "pastel blue".
Description:

parts used: Whole plant

medicinal use: Leukemia, hypotensive, antipasmodic and antidote.

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Ghiukumari
Scientific Name:
Aloe vera
Family:
Liliaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem surfaces.

The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth.
Description:

parts used: Leaves

Medicinal use: Laxative, wound healing, skinburns and skincare, Ulcer

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Peppermint
Scientific Name:
Mentha piperita
Family:
Myrsinaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Peppermint (Mentha × piperita, also known as Mentha balsamea Wild.) is a hybrid mint, a cross between watermint and spearmint.

The leaves are dark green with reddish veins, and they have an acute apex and coarsely toothed margins. The leaves and stems are usually slightly fuzzy.
Description:

parts used:leaves, flowers and oil extract

medicinal use: digestive, pain killer

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Vai vidanka
Scientific Name:
Embelia ribes
Family:
Myrsinaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Embelia ribes, commonly known as false black pepper.

Description:

Parts used: Root, fruit and leaves

Medicinal Use: Skin disease, Snake bite and helminthiasis

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Tulsi
Scientific Name:
Ocimum sanctum
Family:
Lamiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Soothing smell from the leaves.

Purplish flowers are also distinct.
Description:

parts used: Leaves and seeds

Medicinal use: cough, cold, bronchitis and expectorand

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Senna
Scientific Name:
Cassia augustifolia
Family:
Liliaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Historically, Senna was used in the form of senna pods, or as herbal tea made from the leaves, as a laxative.

It also serves as a fungicide.
Description:

parts used: dry tubers

medicinal use: Rheumatism, general debility, tonic and aphrodisiac

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Kurilo
Scientific Name:
Asparagus racemosus
Family:
Liliaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Kurilo has small pine-needle-like phylloclades (photosynthetic branches) that are uniform and shiny green.

Description:

Parts used: tuber, root

medicinal use: enhance lactation, general weakness, fatigue and cough

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Sarpagandha
Scientific Name:
Rauwolfia serpentine
Family:
Apocynaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Rauvolfia serpentina The plant contains 200 alkaloids of the indole alkaloid family.

The major alkaloids are ajmaline, ajmalicine, ajmalimine, deserpidine, indobine, indobinine, reserpine, reserpiline, rescinnamine, rescinnamidine, serpentine, serpentinine and yohimbine.
Description:

parts used: root

medicinal use: hypertension and insomnia

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Sandal wood
Scientific Name:
Santalum album
Family:
Santaliaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The ISO Standard for the accepted characteristics of this essential oil from the extract of heartwood is ISO 3518:2002.
Description:

parts used: heartwood oil

medicinal use: Skin disorder, burning senastion, jaundice and cough

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Pathar Chur/ Pashan Bheda
Scientific Name:
Coleus barbatus
Family:
Lamiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
It produces forskolin

Forskolin; an extract useful for pharmaceutical preparations and research in cell biology.
Description:

parts used: root

medicinal use: kidney stone and calculus

 

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Makoi
Scientific Name:
Solanum nigrum
Family:
Solanaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Sometimes S. nigrum is confused for the more toxic deadly nightshade

A comparison of the fruit shows that the black nightshade berries grow in bunches, the deadly nightshade berries grow individually.
Description:

parts used: fruit/ whole plant

medicinal use: dropsy, general debility, diuretic and anti dysenteric

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Long pepper/ Pipali
Scientific Name:
Piper longum
Family:
Piperaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The fruit of the pepper consists of many minuscule fruits – each about the size of a poppy seed – embedded in the surface of a flower spike that closely resembles a hazel tree catkin.

Like Piper nigrum, the fruits contain the alkaloid piperine, which contributes to their pungency.
Description:

parts used: fruit, root

medicinal use: appetiser, enlarged spleen, bronchitis, cold and antidote

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Kalmegh/ bhui neem
Scientific Name:
Andrographis paniculata
Family:
Scanthaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The slender stem is dark green, squared in cross-section with longitudinal furrows and wings along the angles.

The lance-shaped leaves have hairless blades measuring up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long by 2.5 cm (0.98 in).

The small flowers are borne in spreading racemes.
Description:

parts used: whole plant

medicinal use: fever, weaknes, release of gas

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Calihari
Scientific Name:
Gloriosa superba
Family:
Liliaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
This plant is poisonous, toxic enough to cause human and animal fatalities if ingested.

It has been used to commit murder, to achieve suicide, and to kill animals.

Every part of the plant is poisonous, especially the tuberous rhizomes.
Description:

parts used: Seed, tuber

medicinal use: skin disease, labour pain, abortion and general debility

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Giloe
Scientific Name:
Tinospora cordifolia
Family:
Menispermaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
characterised by their distinct heart shaped leaves:
Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, long petioles up to 15 cm long, roundish, pulvinate, both at the base and apex with the basal one longer and twisted partially and half way around.

Lamina broadly ovate or ovate cordate, 10–20 cm long or 8– 15 cm broad, 7 nerved and deeply cordate at base, membranous, pubescent above, whitish tomentose with a prominent reticulum beneath.
Description:

parts used: Stem

Medicinal use: Gout, piles, general debility, fever and jaundice

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Guggul
Scientific Name:
Commiphora wighti
Family:
Burseraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Commiphora wightii is sought for its gummy resin, which is harvested from the plant's bark through the process of tapping.
Description:

parts used: gum, resin

medicinal use: rheumatic disease, arthritis, paralysis and a laxative

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Gudmar/ Madhunasini
Scientific Name:
Gymnema sylvestre
Family:
Asclepediaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The leaves and extracts contain gymnemic acids.
The major bioactive constituents that interact with taste receptors on the tongue to temporarily suppress the taste of sweetness.
Description:

parts used: Leaves

medicinal uses: diabetes, hydrocoel and asthma

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Brahmi/ Water hyssop
Scientific Name:
Bacopa sps
Family:
Scrophulariaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
flowers are in the shades of white, pink, lavender, blue and even coral red.

Cultivar 'Giant Snowflake' is known for giant white flowers.
Description:

Parts used: whole plant

medicinal use: nervous, memory enhancer and mental disorder treatment

 

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Chiraitho
Scientific Name:
Swertia chirayita
Family:
Gentianaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Swertia is a genus in the gentian family containing plants sometimes referred to as the felworts.

Some species bear very showy purple and blue flowers
Description:

parts used: Whole plant

medicinal use:skin disease, burning sensation and fever

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Bhui amala
Scientific Name:
Phyllanthous amarus
Family:
Euphorbiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of many valuable compounds such as lignans, flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins (ellagitannins), polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols and alkaloids.
Description:

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal use: Anaemic, jaundice and dropsy

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Bael
Scientific Name:
Aegle marmelos
Family:
Rutaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
It is globose or slightly pear-shaped with a thick, hard rind and does not split upon ripening.

The woody shell is smooth and green, gray until it is fully ripe when it turns yellow.

Inside are 8 to 15 or 20 sections filled with aromatic orange pulp, each section with 6 (8) to 10 (15) flattened-oblong seeds each about 1 cm long, bearing woolly hairs and each enclosed in a sac of adhesive, transparent mucilage that solidifies on drying.
Description:

parts used: fruit and bark

medicinal uses: diarrhoea, dysentery and constipation

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Ashwagandha
Scientific Name:
Withania somnifera
Family:
Solanaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The flowers are small, green and bell-shaped. The ripe fruit is orange-red.
The name, ashwagandha, is a combination of the word ashva, meaning horse, and gandha, meaning smell.

Reflecting that the root has a strong horse-like odor.
Description:

parts used: roots and leaves

medicinal use: restorative tonic, stress, nerves disorder and aphrodisiac

 

 

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Ashok
Scientific Name:
Saraca asoca
Family:
Caesalpiniaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The ashoka is prized for its beautiful foliage and fragrant flowers.

It is a handsome, small, erect evergreen tree, with deep green leaves growing in dense clusters.

Biologically, some of the flower's characteristics are very dry and abundant.

This means that the flower is coated with a chemical on the outside
Description:

parts used: bark, flower

medicinal use: menstrual pain, uterine disorder and diabetes

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:
Amla
Scientific Name:
Emblica officinalis
Family:
Euphorbiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish yellow, quite smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows.

The taste of Emblica is sour, bitter and astringent, and it is quite fibrous
Description:

Parts Used: Fruit

Medicinal use: Vitamin - C, Cough , Diabetes, cold, Laxative, hyper acidity.

Photo of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant:

Weed Catalogue

Bulrush(Mothey)
Scientific Name:
Scirpus juncoides Roxb
Family:
Cyperaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
burial or submergence favors germination; germinates
best at less than full light; fodder for cattle
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: TP
Growth habit: erect and strongly tillering; up to 0.75 m
Moisture: wet Competitiveness: low to moderate
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: wet or dry cultivation; early flooding;dry field to stop regrowth after rice harvest
Reported resistance: ALS inhibitors (JAP, KOR)
Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.2 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds
Dormancy: 2 to 3 mo Elevation: up to 2,000 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Globe Fringe-Rush(Jwane Jhar)
Scientific Name:
Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl
Family:
Cyperaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
saline-tolerant; may emerge throughout season;
may produce multiple generations in one season; C4 plant;
useful in mat-making
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS > WS > TP
Growth habit: erect and strongly tillering; up to 0.6 m
Moisture: moist to wet Emergence time: within 7 d
Competitiveness: moderate; strong root competition
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: early flooding; hand weeding
Reported resistance: ALS inhibitors (BRA); synthetic auxins (MAL)
Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 0.02 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds
Flowering time: 30 d Dormancy: none; light requirement for germination
Elevation: up to 1,000 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Forked Fringe-Rush(Sano Jwane Jhar)
Scientific Name:
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl
Family:
Cyperaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
very heterogeneous species; saline-tolerant; C4
plant; better adapted to drier soils; useful for mat-making
Description:

Found in: upland, lowland Establishment method: DS, WS
Growth habit: erect; variable in habit and infl orescence
size, up to 0.7 m Moisture: dry to wet
Competitiveness: moderate Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: early flooding; hand weeding, tillage
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 0.1
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, rhizomes
Dormancy: unknown Elevation: up to 2,500 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Purple Nut Sedge (Mothey Jhar)
Scientific Name:
Cyperus rotundus L.
Family:
Cyperaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
the world’s worst weed; C4 plant; saline-sensitive;
tubers may be viable for several years; tubers consumed
by humans; forage
Description:

Found in: upland Establishment method: DS
Growth habit: erect; tubers in chains on rhizomes; up
to 0.7 m Emergence time: simultaneous with rice
Moisture: dry to moist Competitiveness: moderate to low, but competitive early Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: stale seedbed; suppressive crop with narrow rows; high plant density; fl ooding suppresses
growth but does not kill tubers; interrow cultivation
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 0.1
Method(s) of reproduction: tubers, rhizomes
Maturity time: from 21 to 56 d Dormancy: yes, apical dominance in tubers
Elevation: up to 1,800 m Light: sunny; shade-sensitive

Photo:
Rice Flat Sedge
Scientific Name:
Cyperus iria L.
Family:
Cyperaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
germinates best in full light; C4 plant; may have
multiple generations in one season; prefers lower elevations;
used as forage and in mat-making
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS, WS >> TP
Growth habit: erect; tufted up to 0.8 m
Emergence time: within 7 d Moisture: moist to wet
Competitiveness: moderate Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: early flooding; hand weeding
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.1
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds  Maturity time: as little as 30 d
Dormancy: yes; can germinate about 75 d after shedding
Elevation: up to 1,200 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Smallflower umbrella sedge
Scientific Name:
Cyperus difformis L.
Family:
Cyperaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
germinates best in full light
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: WS > TP > DS
Growth habit: tufted and erect; up to 1.0 m
Moisture: wet to moist Emergence time: within 7 d; continual throughout season Competitiveness: moderate
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: early continuous fl ooding, hand weeding,tillage Reported resistance: ALS inhibitors (AUS, BRA, ITA,
KOR, ESP, USA) Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.01
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds Maturity time: as little as 30 d
Dormancy: none Elevation: up to 1,400 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Saltmarsh Bulrush
Scientific Name:
Bolboschoenus maritimus(L.) L. Palla
Family:
Cyperaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
saline-tolerant; seed production may increase
with water depth, helping its persistence through wet/
dry cycles
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: WS, TP > DS
Growth habit: erect and slender stem arising from tuberous
base; up to 1.5 m    Moisture: wet to flooded
Emergence time: within 7 d of last tillage
Competitiveness: high Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: rotation; deep tillage may bury tubers;
alternately, long drainage periods and zero tillage
Reported resistance: ALS inhibitor (KOR)
Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 5.6
Method(s) of reproduction: tubers > stolons > seeds
Dormancy: yes, in tubers Elevation: up to 3,000 m
Light: sunny; shade-sensitive

Photo:
Itchgrass
Scientific Name:
Rottboellia cochinchinensis(Lour.) W.D. Clayton
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
one of the world’s worst weeds; emerges from up
to 0.15-m depth, but relatively low seed viability
Description:

Found in: upland Establishment method: DS
Growth habit: tufted, erect, and branching; rooting at
nodes; up to 3 m Moisture: dry to moist; well-drained
Competitiveness: very high Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: clean seed and implements; fl ooding;
rotate to broadleaf crops; control in nearby areas
Reported resistance: ACCase inhibitors (USA)
Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 15 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds
Dormancy: 1 to 4 mo; after-ripening requirement
Elevation: up to 1,500 m Light: sunny; shade-sensitive

Photo:
Millet/ Kode Jhar
Scientific Name:
Paspalum scrobiculatum L.
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
responsive to nutrients; very heterogeneous; good
forage; grown as cereal grain in some places, but also
reported toxic in some cases
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS > WS
Growth habit: erect, tufted, and rooting at lower nodes; up to 1 m
Moisture: flooded to moist Competitiveness: low
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: tillage; deep fl ooding; hand weeding Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, rooted stem fragments
Maturity time: 90 d Dormancy: undetected
Elevation: up to 3,000 m Light: sunny; shade-sensitive

Photo:
Knotgrass
Scientific Name:
Paspalum distichum L.
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
detached stolons easily regenerate; increases under
zero tillage; similar to Panicum repens but more slender
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS > WS, TP
Growth habit: creeping branched stolons, erect stems; up to 0.6 m
Moisture: moist to wet Competitiveness: high
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: thorough land preparation; early continuous flooding; tillage during dry season to desiccate
rhizomes Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial
Method(s) of reproduction: stolons > seeds and rhizomes
Maturity time: 82 d Dormancy: yes, perhaps requires cold to germinate; apical and bud dominance in new stems
Elevation: up to 1,500 m Light: sunny; shade-sensitive

Photo:
Torpedo Grass
Scientific Name:
Panicum repens L.
Family:
Poaceae
Host Plant:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
prefers sandy soils; acid- and salt-tolerant; deep
plowing increases rate of spread; after establishment can
survive moderate drought; fodder
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: DS
Growth habit: creeping; erect and branching stems; up
to 1.0 m Moisture: dry to moist; drought-tolerant
Competitiveness: perhaps moderate
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: flooding; tillage or cutting
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 0.67
Method(s) of reproduction: rhizomes, seeds
Maturity time: rhizomes in 30 d; flowers in 50 to 60 d
Dormancy: unknown Elevation: up to 2,000 m Light: sunny; shade-tolerant

Photo:
Weedy Rice, Red rice, (ORYSA) monocot
Scientific Name:
Oryza sativa L.
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
introduced to fi elds as seeds in irrigation water,
contaminated tillage and harvesting equipment, and
contaminated seed supplies. Originates as result of hybridization
between O. rufi pogon or O. nivara and O. sativa
cultivars, or between cultivars, through selection of weedy
traits or through segregation from landraces. Key weedy
traits are early grain shattering and variable dormancy.
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: WS, DS
Moisture: moist to flooded
Emergence time: with sown crop or soon after
Competitiveness: high Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: stale seedbed, early fl ooding, hand
weeding, water seeding, transplanting rice Reported resistance: none Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 20-30 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds Elevation: as for rice crop Light: as for rice crop

Photo:
Chinese sprangletop/ Red sprangletop
Scientific Name:
Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
C4 plant; good fodder
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: DS > WS > TP
Growth habit: tufted, erect, and slender; sometimes with reclining stems; up to 1.2 m Moisture: aquatic—wet to fl ooded
Competitiveness: high Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: thorough land preparation and hand
weeding; permanent fl ood within 1 week
Reported resistance: ACCase inhibitor (THA)
Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 0.1 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, plant fragments Dormancy: low or none Elevation: up to 1,400 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Southern cutgrass
Scientific Name:
Leersia hexandra Sw.
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
stem fragments will root at nodes
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: WS, TP > DS
Growth habit: creeping to ascending, tufted, and erect; up to 1.2 m
Moisture: aquatic—flooded to wet Competitiveness: moderate to high
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: stale seedbed; rotavating/puddling in wet or dry conditions
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 0.8
Method(s) of reproduction: rhizomes, seeds
Dormancy: unknown Elevation: up to 2,200 m Light: partial shade to sunny

Photo:
Wrinkled Grass
Scientific Name:
Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
red leaf sheaths at the base; new seedling cohorts
emerge after drainage from up to 0.05 m soil depth; responsive
to fertilizer; acid-tolerant; good forage if young;
germinates on surface of saturated soil; C4 plant
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS >> WS, TP
Growth habit: tufted, ascending to erect, and muchbranched; up to 1.0 m
Emergence time: within 7 d Moisture: aquatic—flooded to wet
Competitiveness: high Seed contaminant: unknown
Cultural control: early continuous fl ooding; early removal
Reported resistance: ACCase inhibitor (COL), bipyridiliums(MAL)
Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 4 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, rhizomes
Maturity time: 130 d Dormancy: yes; light required for germination
Elevation: up to 2,400 m Light: sunny; shade-tolerant

Photo:
Cogon Grass (Siru)
Scientific Name:
Imperata Cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
one of the world’s worst weeds; C4 plant; acidand
alkaline-tolerant; prefers light-textured soils; many
infested fi elds are abandoned; burning does not injure
rhizomes
Description:

Found in: upland
Establishment method: DS
Growth habit: erect, tufted, and unbranched; scaly rhizomes;up to 2 m
Moisture: moist to dry; well-drained
Competitiveness: high
Seed contaminant: unknown
Cultural control: legume cover crops; repeated tillage to desiccate rhizomes; flooding; rotation
Reported resistance: none
Life cycle: perennial
Seed wt: 1
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, rhizomes
Dormancy: none in seeds, but lateral buds are dormant; seeds viable for up to 1 year
Elevation: up to 3,000 m
Light: sunny; shade-sensitive

Photo:
Goosegrass (Kode Jhar)
Scientific Name:
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
one of the world’s worst weeds; C4 plant; multiple
generations in one season; can emerge from soil depths
of up to 0.08 m
Description:

Found in: upland Establishment method: DS
Growth habit: stems erect or ascending, branched; up to 0.6 m
Moisture: moist to wet  Competitiveness: high
Seed contaminant: unknown Cultural control: early continuous flooding; hand weeding  Reported resistance: ACCase inhibitor (BOL, BRA, MAL),
ALS inhibitor (COS), bipyridiliums (MAL, USA), dinitroanilines (USA), multiple: ACCase inhibitor + glycines (MAL) Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.4
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds Maturity time: fl owering in 30 d; maturity in 4 to 6 mo Dormancy: some, but usually short
Elevation: up to 2,000 m Light: sunny; shade-sensitive

Photo:
Barnyard grass
Scientific Name:
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
one of the world’s worst weeds; C4 plant; phenotypically
variable; responds to nitrogen, potassium, and
phosphorus
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS > WS > TP
Growth habit: erect, tufting up to 2 m Moisture: wet to moist
Competitiveness: very high Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: thorough land preparation; early, deep
flooding; rotation Reported resistance: ACCase inhibitors (CHN, THA, USA),
chloroacetamides (CHN, PHI, THA), dinitroanilines (BUL), photosystem II inhibitors (CAN, CZE, FRA, POL, ESP, USA), synthetic auxins (BRA, USA), thiocarbamates (CHN, USA),ureas and amides (GRC, PHI, THA, USA), multiple resistance(BRA, PHI, THA, USA)
Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 3 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds
Flowering time: 42 to 63 d Dormancy: variable, up to 4 mo
Elevation: up to 2,500 m Light: sunny; shade-sensitive

Photo:
Jungle-rice (Sama Jhar)
Scientific Name:
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
one of the world’s worst weeds; soil saturation
strongly reduces emergence of buried seeds; responsive to
nutrients; profuse root production; good forage; C4 plant;
encouraged by zero tillage
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS > WS
Growth habit: tufted and erect; up to 0.6 m
Moisture: dry to wet Competitiveness: high
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: early cultivation; early flooding; hand weeding Reported resistance: ACCase inhibitors (BOL, COS, NIC),
ALS inhibitors (BOL, COS), glycines (AUS), photosystem II inhibitors (AUS, IRN), ureas and amides (COL, COS, GTM, HND, PAN, SLV, VEN), multiple resistance (COS) Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 1.0
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, stolons Flowering time: 30 to 45 d
Dormancy: low or none; light requirement for germination
Elevation: up to 2,000 m Light: sunny, partial shade

Photo:
Crab Grass
Scientific Name:
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
tolerates defoliation; very responsive to nutrients;
C4 plant; useful forage
Description:

Found in: upland Establishment method: DS Growth habit: creeping, tufted with prostrate to erect  culms; up to 0.6 m
Moisture: dry to moist Competitiveness: moderate to high
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: flooding, early removal by hand
Reported resistance: ACCase inhibitors (BRA) Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.6
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds Dormancy: variable, up to 7 mo
Elevation: up to 2,000 m Light: sunny; shade-sensitive

Photo:
Crowfoot Grass
Scientific Name:
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.
Family:
Poaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
C4 plant; seed viability is long; fodder, but some
reports of poor nutrition, and may be toxic to livestock
during hot weather
Description:

Found in: upland, lowland Establishment method: DS
Growth habit: creeping with ascending culms; up to 0.6 m
Moisture: moist Emergence time: shortly after rainfall
Competitiveness: moderate to high Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: stale seedbed; flooding; early removal by hand
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.3
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds Maturity time: 28 d; senescence in 4 mo
Dormancy: unknown Elevation: up to 1,000 m Light: sunny, partial shade

Photo:
Bermuda Grass
Scientific Name:
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Family:
Poaceae
Host Plant:
Rice, Wheat, Maize
Distinguishing Characters:
one of the world’s worst weeds; C4 plant; alkalineand
acid-tolerant; fl ood- and drought-tolerant; numerous
biotypes
Description:

Found in: upland, lowland Establishment method: DS
Growth habit: prostrate to ascending; up to 0.4 m
Moisture: dry to moist, drained Emergence time: 14 d
Competitiveness: moderate Seed contaminant: unknown
Cultural control: stale seedbed; tillage and removal; dry tillage to desiccate rhizomes; soil solarization
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 0.3
Method(s) of reproduction: rhizomes and stolons, seeds
Maturity time: tillers at 25 to 30 d; maturity at 120 d Dormancy: no; seeds survive 50 d of submergence
Flower: white or pinkish, very small Elevation: up to 2,300 m Light: sunny, partial shade

Photo:
Horse purslane/ Giant Pigweed
Scientific Name:
Trianthema portulacastrum L.
Family:
Aizoaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
green (most competitive) and red (most reproductive)
biotypes in India; solar-tracking leaves; may produce
3 to 4 fl ushes in one season
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS > WS
Growth habit: prostrate to ascending, much branched,
with fleshy leaves; up to 0.5 m
Moisture: dry to moist Emergence time: with rice
Competitiveness: moderate Seed contaminant: unknown
Cultural control: flooding; tillage often ineffective because
of stem regrowth; do not allow to mature; remove
fruiting plants from fi eld to stop shedding
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 1.3
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds Maturity time: flowers in 20–30 d; maturity about 20 d
after pollination Dormancy: secondary; long viability because of hard seed
Flower: white to pale pink Elevation: up to 800 m Light: partial shade

Photo:
Gooseweed
Scientific Name:
Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.
Family:
Campanulaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
height is very plastic; usually not a weed of other
crops
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: DS, WS > TP
Growth habit: erect, branched herb with hollow stems;
up to 1.5 m Moisture: aquatic—flooded to wet; prefers stagnant water
Competitiveness: moderate Seed contaminant: unknown
Cultural control: closed crop canopy limits weed growth
Reported resistance: synthetic auxins (PHI, MAL, THA)
Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.01
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds
Dormancy: yes; light requirement for germination
Flower: small and white Elevation: up to 300 m Light: partial shade to sunny

Photo:
Purslane
Scientific Name:
Portulaca oleracea L.
Family:
Portulacaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
one of the world’s worst weeds; prefers fertile
soils; growth is slow until about 14 d; pig fodder and
consumed by humans
Description:

Found in: upland Establishment method: DS >> WS
Growth habit: succulent branched spreading herb; up
to 0.5 m Moisture: dry to moist Competitiveness: low to moderate Seed contaminant: unknown
Cultural control: flooding; repeated shallow cultivation
though re-roots readily Reported resistance: multiple to photosystem II inhibitor
+ ureas/amides (USA)  Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.07
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds > stem fragments
Maturity time: flowers in 1 mo, maturity in 2 to 4 mo
Dormancy: low or none Flower: yellow
Elevation: up to 2,700 m Light: sunny to partly shaded

Photo:
Marsh-Peepper smartweed, Water Pepper (Pirray Jhar)
Scientific Name:
Polygonum hydropiper L.
Family:
Polygonaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
acid-tolerant; leaves have hot taste; cultivated as
spice for sashimi, raw fi sh
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: DS, WS, TP
Growth habit: herb; erect or ascending; branched; up
to 0.6 m Moisture: flooded to damp; may require saturation for
establishment Competitiveness: probably low
Seed contaminant: unknown Cultural control: completely uproot by hand or tillage as
cut stems may resprout; control before fl owering
Reported resistance: photosystem II inhibitor (FRA)
Life cycle: annual Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, sometimes rooted
stems Maturity time: flowering by 90 d
Dormancy: variable, but usually an after-ripening period;
light requirement for germination Flower: greenish yellow, pinkish Light: partial shade

Photo:
Water Lettuce
Scientific Name:
Pistia stratiotes L.
Family:
Araceae
Distinguishing Characters:
seeds germinate while submerged; survives extended
periods in unfl ooded conditions; cold-sensitive,
so not usually found in temperate regions
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: TP > WS
Growth habit: floating stoloniferous herb, sometimes
rooting; about 0.1 m Moisture: aquatic—flooded to moist
Competitiveness: probably low Seed contaminant: unlikely
Cultural control: drainage; physical removal Reported resistance: none
Life cycle: perennial Method(s) of reproduction: plantlets and seeds
Maturity time: stolons by 5- to 6-leaf stage; maturity at 120 d
Dormancy: yes, seems to require long submergence period
Elevation: up to 1,000 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Monochoria (Karkale Jhar)
Scientific Name:
Monochoria vaginalis
Family:
Pontederiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
germinates best in full light; often an annual in
rice; consumed by humans
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: TP > WS
Growth habit: herb; erect, hairless and fl eshy; up to 0.5 m
Moisture: aquatic—wet to flooded Competitiveness: moderate with great densities early
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: stale seedbed with wet tillage, hand
weeding Reported resistance: ALS inhibitors (KOR)
Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 0.07 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, perhaps stolons
Flowering time: within 60 d Dormancy: may need long anaerobic period to germinate
Flower: pale to dark blue Elevation: up to 1,550 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Giant sensitive plant
Scientific Name:
Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle
Family:
Fabaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
improves soil fertility (legume); high early growth
rate; a single plant can cover a large area; dangerous to
cattle
Description:

Found in: upland Establishment method: DS
Growth habit: prostrate to erect, many-branched shrub;
up to 2 m Moisture: dry to wet
Competitiveness: moderate Seed contaminant: unknown
Cultural control: cutting or burning or hand weeding of
seedlings; probably early flooding
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 6
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds
Dormancy: yes, long; also long viability because of hard
seeds; broken by heat Flower: reddish purple to white
Elevation: up to 2,000 m Light: sunny to partly shaded

Photo:
Water Clover
Scientific Name:
Marsilea minuta L.
Family:
Marsiliaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
four-leaf clover appearance is distinctive; rhizomes
establish best from surface; height responds plastically
to water depth
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: WS, TP
Growth habit: fern; creeping hairy rhizomes, erect or
leaves floating Moisture: aquatic—flooded to wet
Emergence time: first 10 days after transplanting
Competitiveness: moderate, but can be severe early;
strong competitor for nutrients Seed contaminant: unlikely
Cultural control: minimize wet tillage; dry tillage after
harvest to desiccate rhizomes Reported resistance: none
Life cycle: perennial Method(s) of reproduction: spores, rhizomes, and fragments
of rhizomes Light: sunny

Photo:
Long-fruited Prim-rose Willow
Scientific Name:
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven
Family:
Onagraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
responsive to fertilizers; red hypocotyl, entire
seedling often reddish
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: WS, TP
Growth habit: erect, much-branched and robust herb;
up to 1.5 m Moisture: wet to damp; drier than L. adscendens
Competitiveness: high Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: early flooding or hand weeding
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds and plant fragments
Dormancy: low or none; light requirement for germination
Flower: yellow, 4 petals each about 10 mm long
Elevation: up to 1,500 m Light: partial shade to sunny

Photo:
Creeping Water Primrose
Scientific Name:
Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara
Family:
Onagraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
restricts waterways; reduces oxygen content in
water; dangerous to cattle
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: TP > WS
Growth habit: herb; floating or rooted and creeping; up
to 0.5 m Moisture: aquatic—flooded or wet
Competitiveness: low Seed contaminant: unknown
Cultural control: hand weeding Reported resistance: none
Life cycle: perennial Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, plant fragments,
stolons Dormancy: unknown
Flower: white to yellow Elevation: up to 1,600 m
Light: partial shade to sunny

Photo:
Water spinach
Scientific Name:
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.
Family:
Convolvulaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
consumed by humans; known widely in many
Southeast Asian nations as kangkong
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: TP > WS
Growth habit: vine, widely spreading and much-branched
Moisture: aquatic—flooded to wet Competitiveness: low; greater early
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: physical removal though readily re-roots
from nodes Reported resistance: none
Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 36 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, runners
Flowering time: 45–60 d Dormancy: yes; may require seed coat to be broken
Flower: white to cream or purple Elevation: up to 1,200 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Water hyacinth
Scientific Name:
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
Family:
Pontederiaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
one of the world’s worst weeds; seeds viable
for up to 15 years; causes increased water loss through
evapotranspiration
Description:

Found in: lowland Establishment method: TP > WS
Growth habit: floating, rooted in shallow water; up to
0.3 m Moisture: aquatic—flooded to wet
Competitiveness: low to moderate; greater early, and
greater than many other aquatics Seed contaminant: unknown
Cultural control: drainage and physical removal possible
with small infestations Reported resistance: none
Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 0.1
Method(s) of reproduction: stolons, plant fragments,
plantlets developing from seeds Dormancy: variable—none to many years
Flower: blue to violet Elevation: up to 1,600 m Light: sunny

Photo:
False Daisy
Scientific Name:
Eclipta prostrata
Family:
Asteraceae
Distinguishing Characters:
no emergence from depth; C3 plant; saline-tolerant;
often in fi eld margins; somewhat tolerant of butachlor
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS > WS
Growth habit: herb; prostrate to erect, much-branched;
up to 1.0 m Moisture: wet to moist
Competitiveness: low to moderate Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: cultivation and hand weeding; early
removal or cutting; high fertility Reported resistance: none
Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.4 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds
Maturity time: 42 d Dormancy: none; light required for germination
Flower: white or cream Elevation: up to 2,000 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Spreading Day Flower (Kane Jhar)
Scientific Name:
Commelina diffusa Burm. f.
Family:
Commelinaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
more common than C. benghalensis in rice; somewhat
tolerant of herbicides; very persistent in fi elds
Description:

Found in: upland Establishment method: DS > WS
Growth habit: creeping or ascending; up to 1 m
Moisture: wet, not flooded Competitiveness: at least moderate
Seed contaminant: yes Cultural control: early continuous fl ooding; hand and
mechanical weeding diffi cult because pieces may re-root
Reported resistance: synthetic auxins (USA) Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 11.5
Method(s) of reproduction: stolons and by seeds Flowering time: earlier than rice
Dormancy: innate and induced by high temperatures Flower: blue
Elevation: up to 2,000 m Light: shaded

Photo:
Tropical Spiderwort (Kane Jhar)
Scientific Name:
Commelina benghalensis L.
Family:
Commelinaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
germinates best in full light; somewhat tolerant
of herbicides

annual in temperate zones; prefers high
fertility;

single plant can cover a large area; useful forage
and human food
Description:

Found in: upland, lowland Establishment method: DS >> WS
Growth habit: herb; up to 1 m; prostrate or ascending
Moisture: moist to wet; drier than C. diffusa Emergence time: 10 to 12 d
Seed contaminant: unknown Competitiveness: moderate
Cultural control: flooding; hand and mechanical weeding
may as stem pieces re-root Reported resistance: none
Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 2.0 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, stolons
Maturity time: aerial flowers in 35 d; rhizomes with underground flowers in 42 d
Dormancy: yes, innate Flower: purple or blue; those from underground stems
are whitish Elevation: up to 2,000 m Light: sunny to slightly shaded

Photo:
Spiny amaranth (Lattey Kaade)
Scientific Name:
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Family:
Amaranthaceae
Host Plant:
Rice, Wheat, Maize
Distinguishing Characters:
one of the world’s worst weeds; C4 plant
prefers fertile soils and higher temperatures;

sometimes consumed by humans

young plants poisonous to livestock
Description:

Found in: upland Establishment method: DS
Growth habit: erect, much-branched; sharp axillary spines;up to 1 m
Moisture: moist Competitiveness: moderate to high Seed contaminant: unknown
Cultural control: early hand weeding (before thorns grow) or cultivation; flooding suppresses growth
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.2
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds
Dormancy: variable, none to 4 mo; long viability; no light requirement for germination
Flower: pale green-purple tinge Elevation: up to 1,800 m Light: sunny; shade-sensitive

Photo:
Sessile Joyweed
Scientific Name:
Alternanthera sessilis
Family:
Amaranthaceae
Distinguishing Characters:
C3 plant; sometimes consumed by humans
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS > WS
Growth habit: prostrate, creeping or ascending; many suberect branches, up to 1 m
Moisture: wet to moist; more terrestrial than aquatic Competitiveness: moderate
Seed contaminant: unknown Cultural control: flooding, hand weeding or tillage
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 0.5
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, stolons, stem fragment Dormancy: unknown
Flower: white or pinkish, very small Elevation: up to 2,650 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Indian Joint-Ventch(Bhui Amala)
Scientific Name:
Aeschynomene indica L.
Family:
Fabaceae
Host Plant:
Rice
Distinguishing Characters:
seedpod is distinctive of leguminous plants; red
light inhibits germination; useful as fodder
Description:

Found in: lowland, upland Establishment method: DS > WS Growth habit: erect, branched; up to 1.2 m
Moisture: wet to moist Competitiveness: moderate Seed contaminant: yes
Cultural control: high fertility; early removal by hand weeding or cultivation
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: perennial Seed wt: 7.3
Method(s) of reproduction: seeds Dormancy: yes, pronounced
Flower: yellow, often suffused with purple Elevation: up to 1,000 m Light: sunny

Photo:
Goat Weed(Gandhe Jhar)
Scientific Name:
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Family:
Asteraceae
Host Plant:
Rice, Wheat
Distinguishing Characters:
very plastic growth habit; may emerge throughout the entire season
responds to fertilizer; prefers higher elevations; toxic to livestock
Description:

Found in: upland Growth habit: erect, often decumbent herb; up to 1.2 m Moisture: moist to dry Competitiveness: moderate
Seed contaminant: unknown Cultural control: early cutting or hand weeding and shallow cultivation
Reported resistance: none Life cycle: annual Seed wt: 0.1 Method(s) of reproduction: seeds
Maturity time: quick flowering and short-lived, as little as 2 months
Dormancy: 50% of seeds can germinate immediately; light required for germination
Flower: white to pale purple/blue Elevation: up to 3,000 m Light: shade-tolerant

Photo: